Juvenile Justice Chapters 1-4 Study Guide Essay

1 teen progress violence is gener al one(a)(prenominal)y unrelated to gang formation and presence. saturnine2The actual amount of new-fangled violence in the linked States is unknown. unbent3Property-offender moderns account for about 10% of all teen arrests each year. glowering4A policy of delaying juvenile penalizations works best for juvenile rehabilitation. dishonest5 teenaged mashs be the said(prenominal) as abominable flirts. ridiculous6Juvenile approachs have prosecutors and another(prenominal) court personnel. genuine7The juvenile legal expert remains does not resemble the twist arbitrator remains. nonsensical8Usually the same criteria be used to define juvenile offenders in different state jurisdictions. delusive9 at a lower place p atomic number 18ns patriae, the king as self-reliant acts to protect cnatural lawren and other dependents. current10Juvenile justice has been substantially unaffected by alternative philosophies that differ from the rehabilitation emphasis. erroneous11Juvenile courts be unknown in or so other industrialized countries throughout the world. False12Over two million youths come into contact with the criminal justice systemannually. trustworthy13Once offenders atomic number 18 placed in corrections, they argon no longer in the criminal justice system. False14Jurisdiction is the indicant of a court to hear a case. confessedly15There be about 1,000 law enforcement agencies in the United States. False16Almost all ordinances aimed at juveniles are post ordinances since they are not applicable for adults. True17Sheriffs deputies and city legal philosophy officers are the law enforcement officers who have the most amount of contact with juveniles. True18Juveniles who loiter late at night cannot be taken into durance by police officers for any reason since loitering is not prohibited per se. False19The stage where information is obtained about juvenile suspects, including their names, addresses, a nd ages, is called arraignment. False20Juveniles are not entitled to bail.False21ROR means released on own recognizance.True22Preconviction agreements between defendants and the state are known as indictments. False23Proceedings for establishing a trial date where a formal plea to charges is entered are alled arraignments. True24Exculpatory evidence is evidence that tends to generate the greater evil of adefendant. False25Inculpatory evidence is favorable for defendants charged with crimes. True26Preliminary hearings or examinations are usually conducted for the purpose of determining probable motility. True27The standard of proof in juvenile transactions is preponderance of the evidence. False28Beyond a reasonable doubt is nevertheless(prenominal) aplicable to criminal proceedings. False29Juveniles are not entitled in any jurisdiction to a trial by panel. False30Aggravating circumstances might include whether or not the youth cooperate with police to help them detect and appr ehend other offenders. False31A mitigating circumstance might be the mental health of the defendant. True32Corrections is all agencies and personnel who deal with convicted offenders. True33Probation is part of corrections.True34 reduction the number of throw aways is the goal of the jail removal initiative. False35Referrals of juveniles to juvenile court can only be made by police officers. False36Parole is a conditional release from incarceration.True37Because of changes in the law, there are no longer any juveniles in adult jails. False38About half of all juvenile cases that come before the juvenile court are handled informally. True39Petitions are documents directing police to arrest a particular juvenile. False40Police officers are prohibited by law from placing juveniles in jails, even for short periods. False41One reason juveniles are held in jails temporarily is that it is difficult to establish their true age on the basis of their appearance. True42Neighbors of youths are prohibited by law from filing complaints that might bring these youths to the attention of the juvenile court. False43Being arrested and taken into custody are the same thing.False44Intake officers can order the incarceration of any juvenile to a long-run juvenile facility if the officers believe that the juvenile is censurable of a felony. False45Juvenile court prosecutors have broad discretionary powers.True46An adjudicatory hearing is the juvenile equivalent of a criminal trial for an adult. True47Intake is usually presided over by the local juvenile court judge. False48Intake probation officers attempt to screen the more serious juvenile offenders from the less serious ones. True49Intake officers hire both legal and extralegal factors in intake decisionmaking. True50A nominal punishment might be a oral warning or reprimand. True51Secure confinement is most closely associated with probation. False52Doing what is best for the children is consistent with the parens patriae doct rine. True53 formalized documents that call for a youths subsequent appearance in juvenile court and allege carious rudenesss are called petitions. True54Juvenile court proceedings are becoming increasingly adversarial. True55It is often true that the greater the formality of a juvenile court proceeding, the harsher the punishment imposed by juvenile court judges. True56A decision about the guilt or innocence of a juvenile is called a disposition. False57In most jurisdictions juvenile court judges have nearly absolute discretion to determine how their particular court proceedings are conducted. True58Juveniles are convicted of offenses in juvenile court proceedings. False59An adjudication means that a juvenile will be incarcerated.False60All adjudications of juveniles mean that all juveniles who are adjudicated are delinquents. False61Over two million juveniles com into contact with the following system annually Criminal justice62Regarding decisions and discretion about juvenile of fenders, intake officershave Considerable discretion63Which of the following are components of the criminal justice system? a) Law enforcementb) Courtsc) Legislatured) All of the to a higher place64The word process is sometimes used to describe the criminal justice system. This is because the criminal justice system is a) a sequence of people-processing stages.b) loosely incorporate.c) fragmented.d) all of the higher up.65The power of courts to hear particular kinds of cases is called Jurisdiction66The largest component of the criminal justice system isLaw enforcement67A conditional disposition would beProbation68The juvenile equivalent of an adult sentence is called a(n) Disposition69Juveniles may bea) arrested.b) taken to shelters and group homes.c) taken into custody.d) all of the above.70When juveniles are apprehended by police for suspicion and not necessarily for any particular crime, they are Taken into custody.71Obtaining ones name, address, fingerprints, photograph, and other vitalinformation is a part of what process? Booking72Detentions and secure confinement approximately always followa) a finding of guiltb) intakec) adjudicationsd) no(prenominal) of the above73ROR meansReleased on own recognizance74Preconviction agreements involving guilty pleas ans favorable sentencing are Plea bargains75Defendants who are most apparent to be released on ROR are those Who are employed, white, middle-class females76Sureties that are posted to guarantee ones subsequent appearance in court are called Bailbonds77Evidence that is favorable to the prosecution against a crazy defendant is called Inculpatory78Evidence that is favorable to the defense in a criminal case is called Exculpatory79Circumstances that might get hold of the punishment imposed by a sentencing judge more severe would be Aggravating80Determining that a crime was committed and that a particular person or persons probably committed the crime is Probable cause81Preliminary hearings are held p rimarily for the purpose of establishing Probable cause82The standard of proof in criminal proceedings isBeyond a reasonable doubt83Juries that determine ones guilt or innocence are calledGrand juries84Circumstances that tend to lessen punishments imposed by judges during sentencing are Mitigating85The assemblage of agencies and persons who do offenders after court proceedings might likely be called Corrections86A conditional nonincarcerative alternative for a first offender convicted of a crime is Probation87A mitigating circumstance might bea) ones youthfulness.b) cooperating with police officers to detect other criminals c) mental illnessd) all of the above88An aggravating circumstance might beBeing a gang leader89The jail removal initiative is aimed atReducing or eliminating juvenile confinement in jails90Being taken into custody and being arrested areDifferent in meaning91 authorized documents filed with juvenile court that allege that a certain juvenile is delinquent are call ed Petitions92A finding by a grand jury that a crime has been committed and that aparticular person may have committed the crime is called True bill93A notion in juvenile court is calledAdjudication94When a stern reprimand is given as a sentence in a juvenile court proceeding, the juvenile has been Adjudicated95A conditional diposition might bea) participation in group therapyb) payment of victim compensationc) community serviced) all of the above96Criminal informations are typically filed byProsecutors97An industrial school billet of a juvenile is commensurate with what type of placement for adult offenders? Prison98The standard of proof in juvenile courts, where juveniles are not in jeopardy of losing their liberty, is Preponderance of evidence99 normal law in the United States was derived fromEngland100Parens patriae meansThe father of the country101A standard definition of depravitya) exists for all juridictionsb) is consistant throughout all states and the federal system c) limits delinquents to all those beneath age 18d) none of the above102Offenses committed by juveniles that would not be crimes if committed by adults are called term offenses103It can be said of all juveniles delinquents that theyCommit crimes104Deinstitutionalization generally means toRemove juveniles from custodial institutions105In most jurisdictions, juveniles can be charged with crimes at age a) 18b) 20c) 19d) all of the above106Persons under the age of 7 were presumed capable of formulating criminal intent under common law. False107Common law emerged in the American colonies in the 1600s.False108A shire is the chief law enforcement officer of an English country. False109reeves are English countries.False110Chancellors were officials in England who administered the affairs fo the King in different remote areas. True111Transportation was a order used by England to rid itself of criminals. True112The Birdwell Workhouse was the first juvenile reformatory.False113Poor laws were u sed to incarcerate debtors for indefinite periods. True114The poor laws targeted the socioeconomically disadvantaged.True115One example of the voluntary slavery pattern is the indentured servant. True116The Hospital of St. Michael was the first hospital to treat juvenile diseases. False117The walnut tree Street Jail was known for its terrible living conditions for inmates. False118Solitary confinement is a recent concept created during the early 1940s in U.S. prisons. False119Child-savers were drawn largely from the lower socioeconomic classes. False120Hard-core delinquents were targeted for treatment in houses of refuge. True121The power of the state over the family in child custody cases was illustrated in the case of Ex parte Crouse. True122The case of OConnell v. Turner had to do with child abuse and neglect. False123The founder of Hull residence was Jane Addams.True124Truants are persons who have run away from home and are considered untreatable. False125An example of voluntar y servitude was the indentured servant. True126The first juvenile court was established in Illinois in 899. True127By the end of the Korean War, only half of all states had juvenile courts. False128The Compulsory check Act created childrens tribunals.False129Prior to juvenile courts, juvenile affairs were administered largely by social service agencies. True130Juvenile courts in most jurisdictions operate the same way.False131One of the most influential philanthropic organizations of the eighteenth century upon correctional practices was the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries fo Public Persons. True132Small communities were known for their Gesellschaft atmosphere. False133Juveniles viewed as chattel meant that they were counted like so much farm property and livestock. True134Sweat shops exploited juvenile effort during the late 1800s and early 1900s. True135Throughout much of the 20th century, juveniles had little or no legal standing in U.S. courts. True136 econom ic juvenile offender proceedings is sometimes called actuarial justice. True137Jurisdiction usually refers to the power of a court to hear particular kinds of cases. True138For a majority of the states, the upper age limit for juvenile courts is 21. False139Status offenders would include all juveniles who commit acts that would becrimes if adults committed them. False140The power of juvenile court judges is such that juvenile delinquency may be whatever they say it is. True141The parens patriae doctrine has had little influence on juveniles and juvenile courts. False142The get-tough movement is a response to perceived escalating juvenile violence by interested citizens. True143In most juvenile courts, juveniles are convicted of various offenses following an adjudicatory hearing. False144Almost every juvenile court is a court of record.False145Juvenile court jurisdiction is the same among different local and state legislative definitions of juvenile offenders. False146All jurisdictio ns have the same lower age limits for juveniles. False147The most common age of accountability in the U.S. is 21.False148Delinquency is an act committed by a juvenile which would be a spot offense if committed by an adult. False149Compared with runaways, curfew violators tend to be more serious offenders. True150Virtually all runaways are pretty much the same in terms of their social and personal characteristics. False151Stigmas usually result in juveniles defining themselves as deviant ordelinquent. True152Truants and liquor law violators are more inclined to be chronic offenders compared with runaways. True153Stigmatization is closely associated with labeling theory.True154Staus offenders may become criminals if they violate court orders. Trueone hundred fifty-fiveStudies of runaway behavior show that most runaways are well adjusted youths who want to make it on their own. False156Decarceration means to separate juvenile delinquents from status offenders by placing them in differ ent cells in juvenile prisons. False157Diversion programs are especially helpful in the cases of dependent and neglected children. True158Under divestiture status offenders are removed from secure institutions. False159One unfavorable implication of DSO is net-widening.True160Recidivism is associated with the chronicity of offend.True161Self- bases suggest that there is considerable occupational group escalation from status offending to criminal offending. False162An important factor associated with recidivism is frequent contact with juvenile courts. True163Contact with juvenile courts is believed by many experts to pit youths with self-definitions of delinquency. True164Relabeling occurs when police officers relabel innocent juvenile behaviors and interpret them as delinquent behaviors. True165The ordered Crime Report typically underestimates the amount of juveniles offending. True166DSO has caused drastic increases in the rate of recidivism among juvenile offenders. False167An incident consists of multiple acts involving a single victim. False168A victimization is a single criminal act that affects a single victim. True169The National Crime Victimization Survey is a compilation of reported by all law enforcement agencies. False170Cleared by arrest means that someone has been arrested for a particular crime. True171One weakness of the UCR is that not all law enforcement agencies report crimes in the same way. True172Self-report information is believed to by some juvenile justice experts to be a more accurate indication of how much delinquency exists. True173The Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics publishes no information about juvenile offenses. False174Self-reports are reports filed by principals detailing the amount of crime committed by students on their campuses. True175One problem with self-report information is that juveniles may exaggerate the amount of crime they commit. True176The National callowness Survey has been discounted oftentimes by professionals as an unreliable data source regarding juvenile offending behaviors. False177Self-reports of delinquency often disclose what has been termed hidden delinquency. True178A con of youths who reported that they smoked cigarettes frequently showed that many of these youths had not actually smoked cigarettes and had lied about this behavior. True179School violence has pretty much een eliminated as the result of more sophisticated surveillance systems in schools and closer student monitoring by police. False180Most school violence is fatal.False181There is a clear pattern of career escalation among status offenders who typically graduate to juvenile delinquency. False182Chronic violent offenders are usually those juveniles who are arrested at least four or more times for violent offenses. True183The formation of gangs is a phenomenon almost exclusively confined to the large cities of Los Angeles, sassy York, Boston, ans Chicago. False184At-risk youth tend to have persona lity problems and exhibit poor social adjustment. True185Gangs usually form along racial or ethnic lines.True186Juveniles who commit homicide are relatively rare.True187About 50% of all youth deaths have been attributable to firearms. True188Pathways are developmental sequences over the course of ones adolescence. True189There are few, if any, differences between female and male delinquent offending patterns. False190 emergence numbers of female juvenile are entering the juvenile justice system annually. True191The most common reason for females joining female gangs is for protection. True192Female rather than male delinquents are more likely to receive paternalistic treatment from juvenile court judges. True193A significant birth of early juvenile courts was their emphasis on Confidentiality194Common law was established duringMedieval England195Juvenile courts are courts ofLimited Jurisdiction196Referring to the juvenile justice system as a system is problematic for some juvenile justice professionals primarily because The juvenile justice system components are only loosely coordinated 197Below what age under English common law are children not held accountable for their actions? 7198A sheriff in early England was called aReeve199Indentured servants often entered servitude voluntarily for the purpose of Gaining passage to the new colonies200The Poor Laws were most closely associated withDebtors Prisons201Responsible for many of the jail and prison reforms in early England were the Quakers202The Walnut Street Jail was innovative in that ita) segregated male from female inmatesb) segregated more serious offenders for less serious onesc) created solitary confinementd) all of the above203The Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons was sponsored by the Quakers204The Hospital of Saint Michael was a famousCorrectional facility in Italy to punish unruly youths205The Hospital of Saint Michael was known for its use ofCorporal Punishment206T he child-saving movement sought toProvide shelter to wayward youths207Houses of refuge targetedStatus Offenders208Ex parte Crouse dealt withFamily rights relating to the control of their children209Truancy statutes were aimed atYouths who avoided attending school210The Uniform Crime Reports publishes information abouta)juvenile delinquencyb)reported crimec)felonies and misdemeanorsd) all of the above211 consort to the Uniform Crime Reports, juvenile offense patterns are Different among most states212Self-reports of delinquency differ from reported delinquency in the Uniform Crime Reports in that self-reports disclose Higher delinquency than reported213The federal juvenile court is calledThe federal government has no juvenile court214Truancy isA status offense215In our current system of juvenile justice, a six-year-old murderer is likely to be Treated216A status offense for an adult offender would likely beVagrancy217What best typifies runaway behavior?It is difficult to explain.218T he unsettling age of runaway behavior isThe first few days away from home219 more inclined to become chronic offenders areTruants220Stigmas among certain juveniles result inUnfavorable labeling by others221Stigmatizing youths is believed to be one consequence ofFrequent contact with juvenile courts222Deinstitutionalizing status offenders meansRemoval of status offenders from institutions223Labeling theory has done much to account forqDiversion224One of the most sweeping reforms in juvenile justice in recent years is DSO225Undre full divestiture juvenile court judges can do what to status offenders? a) place them on probationb) confine them to institutionsc) adjudicate themd) none of the above226Whenever police officers redefine innocent juvenile behaviors as delinquent behaviors, this process is Re-labeling227When certain youths are pulled into the juvenile justice system and community programs hardly because those programs exist, this is known as Net-widening228One major problem w ith the Uniform Crime Reports is thatNot all agencies report crime regularly229An index offense would bea) arsonb) murderc) robberyd) all of the above230A crime punishable by more than one year of incarceration would be a Felony231The National Crime Victimization Survey is a reflection of the amount of a) aggravated assaults committed by juvenilesb) rapes committed by juvenilesc) murders committed by juvenilesd) none of the above232Crimes that are cleared by arrest usually lead toa) long jail termsb) convictionsc) short jail termsd) none of the above233Self-report information isa) potentially unreliableb) constitutionalc) voluntaryd) all of the above234When a crime is committed and a single victim is involved, it is called Victimization235The Uniform Crime Reports may reflecta) arrest statisticsb) police offender activityc) crime trendsd) all of the above236The Uniform Crime Reports reportArrests237Perhaps one of the most accurate statements we can make about the Uniform Crime Repor ts is that they Seriously underestimate the true amount of crimenationally238The National Youth Survey is an example of the use ofSelf-reports239Regarding the relation between the type of juvenile offending behavior and career escalation, the results of scientific research are Inconsistant240Self-reports are likely inaccurate becauseJuveniles tend to brag about cries they have not committed241Most school violence results inNonlethal injuries242At-risk youths tend to bea) overachievers in schoolb) socially well-adjustedc) affluentd) none of the above243Gangs tend to form alonga) racial linesb) gender linesc) ethnic linesd) all of the above244developmental sequences over the term of ones adolescence are called Pathways245Female juveniles tend toa) commit less violent actsb) have prior histories of physical or sexual abusec) be more passive in their offendingd) all of the above246One myth about female juvenile offenders is that much of their offending involves Violent offending247Theo ries have nothing to do with predicting social behaviors False248Theories may predict as well as explain.True249It is very likely that relationships exist between theories of delinquency and various types of juvenile delinquency intervention programs. True