How does a society's relationship to the natural environment influence Term Paper

How does a society's relationship to the natural environment influence the cultural beliefs and practices of its people - Term Paper Example 1). Anthropology came from the Greek word arthropos which means human and logos which mean study of. The discipline of anthropology is about the human behavior with the combination of humanistic, scientific, historical, psychological, social and biological views (Jurmain, Kilgore and Trevathan, 2009, p. 6). According to Angrosino (2002), two fields of anthropology currently exist: physical anthropology and cultural anthropology. Human population is studied by physical anthropology through their genes and mechanics of evolution. The fossils and the living creatures are compared to come up with conclusions. On the other hand, cultural anthropology is concerned with the human societies and its impacts in the daily lives of the people. Cultural anthropology has five subdivisions: archaeology, ethnography, ethnology, social anthropology, and linguistics. Archaeology deals with the culture through studies using the remains or materials (artifacts) while ethnography describes the society sy stematically and vividly usually through field work. Ethnology deals with the interpretations of the information from ethnology while social anthropology is concerned with the social structure and groups. ... Various views may help the readers to understand the importance of knowing how the ways of life of people is affected by their surroundings. DISCUSSION Environment greatly affects the culture of people like the concept of racism. The variation within the human race is not caused by biological changes but more of cultural concepts like difference in access to social and economic resources (Goodman, 2006, p. 161). It can be said that the differences is manmade because biological variation is nonconcordance according to Goodman (2006). It is inherited separately or independently. Also in the biological perspective, genes are not the only means where the effect of nature can be seen or measured. Physical body is also checked to prove the differences among races and researchers also tried to prove that racism is a biological effect. Craniometry was done by experts to compare the intelligence of the human ancestors. It was even use in the society to rank criminals and people from different races because the traditional belief of intelligence is affected by the size of the brain (Lansing and de Vet, 2006, p. 4). Many myths have been held by people regarding the concept of racism as biology, but no matter what they do, the commonly-held beliefs are still beliefs and myths, not a reality. First of all, race is not based upon fixed, ideal and unchanging concepts contrary to the popular belief which was favored by the popular culture but not science (Goodman, 2006, p. 163). A good example is the traditional concept of beauty which turns against the black. The fad favors the European-looking people to be beautiful (Mercer, 1990, p. 247). The same can be seen in the chapter of a book written by Richard Rodriguez. According to Rodriguez (1990, p. 277-278), his

Fun for Life Essay Example for Free

Fun for Life Essay Many topics for you to try. Some of these came from IELTS and other textbooks, others are from websites. You can also see TWE (Test of Written English) topics from the TOEFL exam here. Use CTRL+F to find keywords or topics from this page in your browser. The destruction of the world’s forests is inevitable as our need for land and food grows. Do you agree? Write this essay in the forum! See what other people think of your writing! Damage to the environment is an inevitable consequence of worldwide improvements in the standard of living. Discuss. Are famous people treated unfairly by the media? Should they be given more privacy, or is the price of their fame an invasion into their private lives? Are our zoos cruel to wild animals? Are women are better parents than men? Are zoos are necessary for education? Children learn best by observing the behavior of adults and copying it. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Children should never be educated at home by their parents. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. Computers can translate all kinds of languages well. Do our children need to learn more languages in the future? Damage to the environment is an inevitable consequence of worldwide improvements in the standard of living. Discuss. Discuss some of the arguments for and against keeping animals in zoos. Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of giving international aid to poor countries. Do the benefits of study abroad justify the difficulties?

Employment Letter :: essays research papers

Employment Letter To Whom It May Concern On the light of your announcement at the AUB careers and placement office I read with interest your Ad for the position of Sr Store Supervisor. I am applying for the position as I believe it offers challenges and responsibilities and as I believe it matches my qualifications and my education on professional basis. I am an undergraduate of the American University of Beirut majoring in Business Administration. I will earn my degree in June 2004 and currently seeking an acceptable position that allows me to develop and explore my skills, furthermore to learn and excel in my position in the right direction.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout my years of education at the American University of Beirut, I have participated in several projects (mainly Strategic Management and Marketing) and I went through the condensed educational environment of AUB which pushed me to work through several teams, moreover, to experience their value and to become an active team player. In addition to that, I learned to apply my theoretical skills into practical functional ideas which contributed in broadening my creativity and developing my analytical, conceptual and organizational skills. I also learned how to manage my time and finish on due dates which enabled me to deal with stressful situations and develop my sense of responsibility. Besides that, the multicultural aspect that represents AUB exposed me to different backgrounds and cultures which entitles me to cope and integrate with a large cultural and educational base especially with my linguistic capabilities(fluent in English, French and Arabic). In addition to that, through my internship assignment and especially throughout my interactions with employees and customers, I’ve been given the opportunity to strengthen my confidence in my interrelation personal skills and my capabilities and to learn more about customer’s behaviors and expectations and new â€Å"group work† issues, which also affected my motivation level. Employment Letter :: essays research papers Employment Letter To Whom It May Concern On the light of your announcement at the AUB careers and placement office I read with interest your Ad for the position of Sr Store Supervisor. I am applying for the position as I believe it offers challenges and responsibilities and as I believe it matches my qualifications and my education on professional basis. I am an undergraduate of the American University of Beirut majoring in Business Administration. I will earn my degree in June 2004 and currently seeking an acceptable position that allows me to develop and explore my skills, furthermore to learn and excel in my position in the right direction.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout my years of education at the American University of Beirut, I have participated in several projects (mainly Strategic Management and Marketing) and I went through the condensed educational environment of AUB which pushed me to work through several teams, moreover, to experience their value and to become an active team player. In addition to that, I learned to apply my theoretical skills into practical functional ideas which contributed in broadening my creativity and developing my analytical, conceptual and organizational skills. I also learned how to manage my time and finish on due dates which enabled me to deal with stressful situations and develop my sense of responsibility. Besides that, the multicultural aspect that represents AUB exposed me to different backgrounds and cultures which entitles me to cope and integrate with a large cultural and educational base especially with my linguistic capabilities(fluent in English, French and Arabic). In addition to that, through my internship assignment and especially throughout my interactions with employees and customers, I’ve been given the opportunity to strengthen my confidence in my interrelation personal skills and my capabilities and to learn more about customer’s behaviors and expectations and new â€Å"group work† issues, which also affected my motivation level.

Personal Narrative- Living Life on the Edge :: Personal Perspective

Personal Narrative- Living Life on the Edge Heart racing, palms clammy, stuttering with nervousness. All things that usually don’t describe one’s favorite thing in the world, however in my case those are the common symptoms for my favorite way to relax in the world, adrenaline rushes. Anything that puts you so close to death you could touch it, but still hang on to a thread of life to pull yourself back up with. It sounds immature and irresponsible, I know, but don’t judge until you’ve tried, and I could never describe the rush and the complete whole, peaceful state of meditation adrenaline rushes put me in that makes all the danger in the world entirely worth it. It was late afternoon in early July and the most clear day ever conceived. I spent most of the day hiking on a mountain in North Carolina, surprisingly not sweating all that bad, but growing impatient of when â€Å"paradise† would place itself in front of me as promised. Every time I asked I got a clone answer â€Å"soon†. Alright soon but define soon, soon could mean different things right? Wrong! Right as the last breath of my question left my mouth it fell in front of me , Paradise. Well, the middle of nowhere to be exact, but paradise all the same. It was the side of the mountain where a long cliff jetted out. Being the little daredevil I am I had to see more. I climbed down off the side of the mountain on to the ledge and walked to the very edge. As I walked further out it narrowed to a one foot across point. I sat down and dangled my feet and where earth was below me there was this little hidden beach with crystal blue water. Not a single footprint in the white sa nd with a soft flowing waterfall of clear water and soft gray rocks strategically placed to make up a true paradise. It was the most spectacular sight ever. It was truly the closest thing to heaven I had ever seen. I have been told that nothing is perfect, well obviously whomever said that had never been here. As I sat there with my feet dangling the pit of my stomach dropped.

Mandatory Military Service Essay

As many other countries mandate young adults partaking in the military for two years, the United States should follow suit. Many beneficial consequences would be rendered as a result of the increase in service. This would also be a great commencement into the real world for any young adult. These statements can be explored by discussing the benefits of free college tuition, disciplined young adults who are ready to follow orders, and the sheer power of numbers. One exceptional perk of joining the military would be free college tuition.This would allow the students who have not excelled as fast as others a doorway to achieve their full potential. This would also benefit the United States as a whole country. Along with expanding the population of the military, this would also increase the knowledge of the United States. In theory, the educated veterans would make the military more powerful, efficient, and more intelligent overall. The United States would stand superior in any conflict to other nations. The availability of free education would also stimulate the economy in the long run.This is evident because the more educated the people are, the better jobs they would occupy. As a result, they would make more money and therefore have access to spend more money. The more money that they have means that they would be adding to the economy. Taking two short years out of someone’s life to help serve their country and set them up for success later in life is not a bad trade. If the United States installed the mandate for service, young adults will look back and be thrilled that they have done what they’ve done and are where they are because of the foundations the military setup early in life.Some people argue that young adults will not take advantage of the opportunity set before them. Does this seem counterproductive for the young adults not to enroll in the free secondary education? No! If the young adult does not want to better themselves, what makes people think they would want to better their country? These people are better left to fill in the roles unoccupied at the bottom of corporate ladders. Another benefit of mandating the service of young adults is that they would be disciplined and setup for success in life as a productive citizen of the United States.Military boot camp is designed to break the recruit down to where they are not better than any other recruit, and then they train them to do their best in every task they approach. This creates unrivaled discipline and extreme excellence in every operation the United States military executes. Not only will this be useful while in military service, but also when they begin to operate in the working world. This requirement will unify the working force as a result of the mandated service. Businesses will be able to work efficiently and accurately in all that they accomplish.Again, this will improve the United States as a country. Why would the United States refuse this manda te? The only reason would be that they bring the law down to the lowest denominator of the few people who argue with the benefits. These people might say that not all people are designed to be in the military. However, the military has jobs for every make and model. Every talent is useful to the military. Making young adult serve in the military for two years would actually give them time to figure out what their future career is meant to be. Some people cannot ever be satisfied, and would object to anything!On the contrary, decisions that have the abundance of benefits as mandating service for young adults should be instated immediately! The third major gratuity of mandating the service of young adults is mainly for the benefit of the military itself and the United States. The variable of manpower in a war is not always the deciding factor. However, it would not hurt to have a couple of hundred thousand extra people at a countries disposal. This must look awful from an ordinary cit izen’s point of view. Then there is this question; would you rather lose a fraction of the population, or the whole country?Not to mention the possible enslavement as a conquered people; treated as subhuman and having their rights ripped from their grasp. Nobody in any country would want that outcome to occur in their country. As people look back in history, they discover and marvel at the battle of Thermopylae. How did such an untrained military defeat the most strict, handpicked, elite group of warriors? The answer is oblivious! It was an estimated three hundred thousand Persian warriors against three hundred Spartan soldiers. This is why the United States needs to mandate young adults to serve two years in the military.So that not only will we have a superior military in tactics, and education, we will also have the overwhelming power of numbers. As always, people do not have to go too far before they find a person who disagrees, and thinks everyone should have the choice of whether to serve their country. Their main argument with this is that they say it violates the constitution. However, this would not be the first time that the United States has done something like this. They drafted people during the Vietnam War. People also argue that it will decrease the honor of veterans who would serve regardless of a draft.On the contrary, people gain honor through what they actually accomplish, not what they think about accomplishing. This policy should be discussed in government as soon as possible if it is not already being heavily debated. The government, along with the citizens of the United States backing the mandate, would create the most powerful nation to ever face the earth. With the benefits listed and discussed above, the decision is easier than deciding where to each lunch. So why has the United States not already signed it off their agendas and began the process of creating a more powerful, unstoppable United States?

Geography and Facts on Disney Theme Parks

Geography and Facts on Disney Theme Parks Disneys first theme park was Disneyland, located in Anaheim California. Disneyland opened on July 17, 1955. In the 1970s, the Walt Disney Company developed its Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Division after the construction of the Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney Resort in Orlando, Florida. Since its founding in 1971, the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Division has been responsible for expanding its original Disney parks and building new parks all over the world. For example, Disneys original park, Disneyland, was expanded to include Disneys California Adventure Park in 2001. The following is a list of the Disney parks located around the world and a short summary of what each park includes: Disneyland Resort This is the first Disney resort and is located in Anaheim, California. It opened in 1955 but has been expanded since and now includes Disneys California Adventure Park, Downtown Disney and luxury hotels such as the Disneyland Hotel, Disneys Grand Californian Hotel and Spa, and Disneys Paradise Pier Hotel. Walt Disney World Resort This resort was Disneys second project in Orlando, Florida and is an expansion of the Magic Kingdom which opened in 1971. Today its theme parks include the original Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Disneys Hollywood Studios and Disneys Animal Kingdom. In addition, there are water parks, shopping centers, and a large variety of hotels and resorts at or near this Disney location. Tokyo Disney Resort ï » ¿This was the first Disney resort to open outside of the United States. It opened in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan in 1983 as Tokyo Disneyland. It was expanded in 2001 to include Tokyo DisneySea which features a nautical, underwater theme. Like the U.S. locations, Tokyo Disney has a large shopping center and luxury resort hotels. In addition, the resort is said to have one of the largest parking structures in the world. Disney Paris ï » ¿Disney Paris opened under the name Euro Disney in 1992. It is located in the Paris suburb of Marne-la-Vallà ©e and has two theme parks (Disneyland Park and Walt Disney Studios Park), a golf course and many different resort hotels. Disney Paris also has a large shopping center called Disney Village. Hong Kong Disneyland Resort This 320-acre park is located in Pennys Bay on Lantau Island, Hong Kong and opened in 2005. It consists of one theme park and two hotels (Hong Kong Disneyland Hotel and Disneys Hollywood Hotel). The park has plans to expand in the future. Shanghai Disneyland Resort The most recent Disney Park is in Shanghai. It was approved by the government of China in 2009 and is expected to open in 2014. Disney Cruise Line The Disney Cruise Line was developed in 1995. It currently operates two ships- one of which is called Disney Magic and the other is Disney Wonder. They began operating in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Each of these ships travels to the Caribbean and have a port of call at Disneys Castaway Cay Island in the Bahamas. The Disney Cruise Line plans to add two more ships in 2011 and 2012. In addition to the above-mentioned theme parks and resorts, Walt Disneys Parks and Resorts Division has plans to open additional parks in Europe and Asia. It also has plans to expand several existing parks such as the Hong Kong and Paris locations. Source: Wikipedia. (2010, March 17). Walt Disney Parks and Resorts - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Parks_and_Resorts

An Inspector Calls - Differences And Comparisons O Essays - Theatre

An Inspector Calls - Differences And Comparisons O Essays - Theatre An Inspector Calls - Differences And Comparisons Of Arthur B. And Sheila B. An Inspector Calls by JB Priestly Differences & Comparisons between Mr B. and Sheila Arthur Burling is the main man in the Burling family, and seems to control it, i.e. whatever he says - goes! The play is set in an imaginary town called Brumley, somewhere in the North of England. Mr. Burling has a selfish attitude towards life, and also an attitude to only care for himself and family, and basically forget everybody else, in fact, this is exactly what he tells a speech on at the celebration of Sheilas and Geralds engagement, ... a man has to look after himself - and his family too, of course... which gives the impression of the selfishness, and also greed. Another example of this is when he tells a speech about how it is the best day of his life, Gerald, Im going to tell you frankly, without any pretenses, that your engagement with Sheila means a lot to me. Shell make you happy, and Im sure youll make her happy. Your just the type of son-in-law I wanted... makes people think whether he wants them to get married for themselves, or for him, and whether it means a lot to him sentimentally, or a lot to him in the business world. Burlings first priority is to make money, Its my duty to keep labour cost down and is also a social climber, and Sheila is engaged to the son of his friendly rival, which is why it could mean a lot to him in the business world because Geralds father is in a higher class than the Burling family. We can see that he is a man that tries to make everything better by using his money, Look inspector, Id give thousands.... I think this may be a domineering attitude, because he wants to dominate people, and do all he can to do it, which reflects on how he treats his employees. In his factory, there is certain employees which ask for a pay rise, but Burling refuses to pay more than the going rate. Burling can afford the pay rise, but returns by sacking one member of the strike pack, Eva/Daisy Smith. After this, Burling was blamed for starting the domino effect of Eva/Daisys suicide, but refuses to accept the blame. Appearance plays a big part of Burling as well. How he looks is very important to him indeed in the respect that he always has to look posh and always dresses cleanly and smart. I think he does this not because he always want to be clean and smart, but to keep a good reputation with other high class people, and not to make them think that he is any lower than themselves. When the inspector asks questions to/about his family, he tries to protect his reputation by acting the innocent to the questions, even though we know, that he knows the answers to the questions, but wont tell them, to protect his reputation (hard to explain!!). Burling cannot see the consequences of neither his, nor his familys actions. We know this because Burling makes comments which seem ridiculous to us now, in the 90s and the year 2000. Things like the Titanic being unsinkable and that European nor World war would never happen. According to Burling, war will never happen because in his eyes, it would affect business, but Burling does not stop to think that people may care more about things other than business, which is why he cannot see the consequences of his own actions and is also another example of the selfishness within him. Burling hates stealing. When Eric (Burlings son) steals 50 from Burliness office, he cares about nothing more than that he stole from him, and the amount he stole (because 50 was quite a bit of money in 1912), and Burling wasnt really concerned why Eric stole the money. Burling then exclaims, You dammed fool - why didnt you come to me when you found yourself in this mess?. Erics reply indicates that Mr. Burling was never close to his son, Because youre not the kind of chap a man could turn to when hes in trouble. Such a response indicates that things arent going to improve much after the play ends, and also indicates that there may be a bad family relationship. Sheila is Mr. Burling and Mrs. Burlings daughter, and is engaged to Gerald, Burlings rival. Sheila has a totally different attitude to Burling, and we see this emphasized as the play progresses. She is very happy with life at the beginning of the play, young, and

Friedrich and German Romanticism essays

Friedrich and German Romanticism essays The period of German Romanticism broke the individualist and rationalistic thinking of the Autklarung, advancing aesthetic ideals that transcended reason and exalted art. The flourishing of this period can be characterized in numerous ways, one of which is through a glimpse in the life of German Romantic artists such as the famous landscape painter Caspar David Friedrich (see appendix 1). To a large extent, the content and abstraction of Friedrich's works mirror the Romanticist idealism in Germany during his time, as reflected in his compositions such as the allegorical oil paintings Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog (1818) and Stages of Life (1835) (see appendix 2 and 3). In these works, the artist took a great deal in transforming landscape paintings from objectivism to an intense and emotional depiction of man, nature and the metaphysical. Meanwhile, the dynamism of his life as an artist is as intense as his works of art. On one hand, he suffered from considerable criticisms and during his time, he was not able to gain the wide approval the public. On the other hand, he was also praised by many of his contemporaries in the Romantic Era due to his artistic, philosophical and aesthetic treatment of his works. In any case, he still remained as one of the most staple and distinguished figures of the Romantic Movement in Germany. This paper further examines on these contexts in the subsequent sections. A discussion on the artistry of Friedrich can begin no less than through a brief discussion on his biography. In essence, Friedrich had a life replete with both triumphs and adversities; his early life began in a series of tragedies and it ended with him being half-mad. Born on September 5, 1774, in Greifswald, Swedish Pomerania, on Germany's Baltic coast, Friedrich was the sixth out of the ten children, raised in a strictly Lutheran family (Collins). Unlike the trouble-free childhood experi...

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 85

Assignment - Essay Example This is bad experience since the victims may end up living in constant fear and they may end up failing to fit in the societies in which they would be living. This negatively impacts the psychological as well as social aspects of human development. The problem can destabilize peace in the society if it is left unchecked. C- This threat could be identified by an organization through designing network software that can filter all mails that are unidentified. All unsolicited e-mail messages or any other form of message posted on the website of the organization should be blocked and treated as spam. This will help the people to be in control of what they read. The organization may also respond by giving tips to the members of the network about how they should respond in the event that they have responded suspicious messages. Organizations should also enlighten the victims about the measures they can take to deal with messages from unknown

Individual portfolio on global enterprise Essay

Individual portfolio on global enterprise - Essay Example This progressive change provided the impetus for the formation of a global economy. To augment these efforts from the national governments, a side by side evolution in internet technology also facilitated the formation of a globalized world. This new internet technology enabled previously nation companies to expand their operations to new undiscovered markets. Thereby bring the concept of global demand into the business arena. Previously national companies started becoming global companies catering to the global demand of consumers. This led to the erosion of national sovereignty because in this situation national governments had little say in the countries trade and foreign policies. It was these global institutes which started to make or take extra interest in the countries economic, foreign and trade policies. Those countries who tried to resist the dominance of these global institutions, found themselves isolated from the international world. The most profound impact of this was on the exports of the country, which were not allowed to enter foreign land. This in turn had a drastic impact on the revenues of the country which heavily depend upon exports earnings. Having faced these problems, countries started to open their borders for international trade, liberalized their foreign and economic policies and started to avoid posturing. Literature Review: Introduction: Globalization is that phenomenon which has shifted individual economies towards a more integrated, independent and evolving world economy (Bhagwati, 2004),. Over the past several decades, the individual economies of the world have become increasingly linked together through an expansion in international trade services along with primary and manufactured goods, through portfolio investments directed towards international loans and purchases of stocks, and through foreign direct investment which is the medium used by multinational companies to make investment in foreign land (Stark, and Bloom, 1985) . During this period private capital has reduced the flow of foreign aid in the developing world. These linkages have a profound impact on the developing countries. Due to these linkages developing countries are importing and exporting more from each other. These countries have also started to import from and export to developed countries. Investment is being poured into these economies from the developed countries (Clayton, 2004). The term globalization is most frequently used when discussions about development, trade and international political economy is underway. As can be inferred from the word that globalization is a process by which economies of the world become more and more integrated. This economic integration in turn leads to global economic policy making, which is the domain area of global institutions like the World Trade Organization (WTO). The Global Culture: Globalization has also given rise to a global culture. This culture is characterized by people consuming goods and services which are similar across countries. English has become an internationally acclaimed language for business. These changes promote economic integration and fuel its continuous evolution (IMF Team., 2000). However, in its economic sense globalization refers to increased openness of

History 1500 The Wahhabis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

History 1500 The Wahhabis - Essay Example The Wahhabis desire to destroy the tombs and graves of the saints was met by several objections. One objection supported its argument by depicting that construction of the graves served as a place of worship. Since the saints were said to be holy, offering prayers on top of their graves was to provide interception with God (Wahhab 2). However, it is proved beyond exceptional doubt that a curse was to befall whoever made the graves as prostration places. Another issue that Wahhabis tried to oppose was the kissing of the shrines. Opponents argued that it was a form of showing commitment, reverence, and devotion. However, this was unlawful since an individual was not allowed to go closer to a grave and was required to maintain distance with it as a sign of respect. Putting pictures, objects, and building of structures on top of graves was depicted as a sin. Wahhabism emphasized on conformity and inward faith of an individual. Additionally, they strived and still strive to be the embodim ent of God’s

Findings and analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Findings and analysis - Essay Example Three articles written by each of these writers were compiled. Shadid’s works include A Boy Who Was Like a Flower (2004), Syria’s Sons of No One (2011), and, House of Stone (2012). Gaskell’s work include Bombs put Kirkuk in line as next hotbed (2007), As Holidays Come and Go, War Barely Takes a Break (2009), and Army Reports Grim Milestone in Troop Suicides (2012). On the surface, there are glaring differences in terms of the content of the reportage. One of the most important of these is that Shadid’s subjects focused on individuals whereas Gaskell’s reports were more on the bigger picture. Shadid took the inductive approach to writing, using specific personalities and situations in order to report about the bigger picture of war. The implication of this is significant. First, there is the fact that the reporter was able to infiltrate the battlefront by chronicling the experiences of the victims who are caught in the crossfire of the battles. Gaske ll on the other hand focused on the movements of the war from the army’s or the strategists’ perspectives, hovering from above, exploring general terms such as army reports, army experiences and so forth. This difference implies several important things. First, there is the possibility that male correspondents report closer to the battle lines whereas female correspondents seem to be content watching from afar. This point is supported by the series of news feeds by renowned female war correspondent, Raghida Dergham, writing her pieces in a blog for The Huffington Post back in 2007 as she covered Iraq. The subjects of her articles were general themes such as the impact of the presidential election Lebanon, diplomatic tussles between major players in the Iraq War such as those involving Russia and the United States, Iran and Syria and so forth. There were interviews to individual participants but these were mostly prominent personalities, who stay away from the battlefie ld - Russian President Vladimir Putin, Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Malaki, etc. It is clear that male reporters are at an advantage or are more capable in covering the war as it happens. They are more likely to be found at the thick of things, say when gunfight erupts or the first to arrive and cover the casualties and damage of war. This is not to say that female reporters are less reliable. They are more likely to get information from decision makers and, hence, more effective in reporting diplomatic subjects, policy decisions and strategic issues. This aspect is supported by the analysis of the responses to this study’s interview questions by male and female war correspondents in the next case comparison. Male war correspondents are also more likely to report about fighting in detail as well as an emphasis on male subjects as what happened in the three articles by Shadid. On the other hand, female reporters to tend to focus on themes about women, children and family. The re could be a preferential bias to each of the subjects mentioned according to the gender differences of the reporters. While this study is not equipped to quantify this point, they are aggravated by two important variables. The first is the issue previously mentioned: women are constrained to report from the battlefield and, similarly, women are less likely to be foun

Community Health Nurse Roles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Community Health Nurse Roles - Essay Example Due to the loss of renal functions, there are other conditions that develop which compound the problem making it hard for family members to take care of such a patient at home without serious healthcare support from hospitals. Such complications include anemia, acidosis: a condition where there is a lot of acid in the body fluids, high blood pressure, bone diseases, general cholesterol and fatty acids disorders( Couzos, 2004, pp.186-189; Deeble, 2003). It is medically known that such patients do require constant healthcare support which in many cases consists of constant monitoring, testing, and treatment through dialysis and in many cases these patients require on time kidney transplants (Australian Nursing Federation, 2009, pp.2-12). The problem of renal failure within the Australian aboriginal people has been attributed to many factors. However, the most outstanding and astonishing of all factors is the issue of inequality that exists within the Australian community based on certain aspects of society such as resource mobilization and distribution, basic human needs and rights provision, access to education and professional training, participation in national building, economic factors, social segregation and generally all forms of discriminative practices that have historically categorised these people as second-class citizens ( Couzos, 2004, pp.186-189; Deeble, 2003). This paper seeks to address the Community Health Nurse Roles and skills that are required to improve equity and access to Renal Healthcare for Australian Aboriginal peoples from a population health perspective. This is in response to the problems that have affected the aboriginals for many years without concrete approaches being put in place to address them. Primary health care refers to essential health care that is basic and is based on scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods combined with technology; is practically given, universally available and accessible to all individuals and families in a given community who need it(WHO, 2006).

Findings and analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Findings and analysis - Essay Example Three articles written by each of these writers were compiled. Shadid’s works include A Boy Who Was Like a Flower (2004), Syria’s Sons of No One (2011), and, House of Stone (2012). Gaskell’s work include Bombs put Kirkuk in line as next hotbed (2007), As Holidays Come and Go, War Barely Takes a Break (2009), and Army Reports Grim Milestone in Troop Suicides (2012). On the surface, there are glaring differences in terms of the content of the reportage. One of the most important of these is that Shadid’s subjects focused on individuals whereas Gaskell’s reports were more on the bigger picture. Shadid took the inductive approach to writing, using specific personalities and situations in order to report about the bigger picture of war. The implication of this is significant. First, there is the fact that the reporter was able to infiltrate the battlefront by chronicling the experiences of the victims who are caught in the crossfire of the battles. Gaske ll on the other hand focused on the movements of the war from the army’s or the strategists’ perspectives, hovering from above, exploring general terms such as army reports, army experiences and so forth. This difference implies several important things. First, there is the possibility that male correspondents report closer to the battle lines whereas female correspondents seem to be content watching from afar. This point is supported by the series of news feeds by renowned female war correspondent, Raghida Dergham, writing her pieces in a blog for The Huffington Post back in 2007 as she covered Iraq. The subjects of her articles were general themes such as the impact of the presidential election Lebanon, diplomatic tussles between major players in the Iraq War such as those involving Russia and the United States, Iran and Syria and so forth. There were interviews to individual participants but these were mostly prominent personalities, who stay away from the battlefie ld - Russian President Vladimir Putin, Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Malaki, etc. It is clear that male reporters are at an advantage or are more capable in covering the war as it happens. They are more likely to be found at the thick of things, say when gunfight erupts or the first to arrive and cover the casualties and damage of war. This is not to say that female reporters are less reliable. They are more likely to get information from decision makers and, hence, more effective in reporting diplomatic subjects, policy decisions and strategic issues. This aspect is supported by the analysis of the responses to this study’s interview questions by male and female war correspondents in the next case comparison. Male war correspondents are also more likely to report about fighting in detail as well as an emphasis on male subjects as what happened in the three articles by Shadid. On the other hand, female reporters to tend to focus on themes about women, children and family. The re could be a preferential bias to each of the subjects mentioned according to the gender differences of the reporters. While this study is not equipped to quantify this point, they are aggravated by two important variables. The first is the issue previously mentioned: women are constrained to report from the battlefield and, similarly, women are less likely to be foun

Workers Compensation in the State of Florida Research Paper

Workers Compensation in the State of Florida - Research Paper Example Workers are entitled to make claims in regards to injuries arising out of work while in the course of employment. These injuries may result in temporary total disability, permanent disability or permanent partial disability as well as death. To calculate benefit entitlements worker are divided into classes according to the type of duties they perform or job description. Each category has an average wage which is used in determining premiums paid by employer and in compensation (Justice Newsflash, 2010). Workers are entitled to claim benefits as a result of occupational diseases acquired at work due to use of harmful chemicals or other substances that may affect health. The employer is supposed to hire a certified medical practitioner or recommend a list of practitioners where injured employees can be medically examined. If established that indeed the employee suffered injury, the following benefits are payable:-Medical benefits whereby full medical benefits are given but after maximu m medical improvement, a $10 patient copayment is required for all medical services and non attendance to medical exams is fined 50% (Larson, 2003). Temporary total disablement are subject to social security and unemployment insurance and are calculated as % of workers wage subject to weekly maximum and payment is up to 104 weeks. Permanent total disability benefits are paid as long as disability continues and are subject to legal deductions while permanent partial disablement is % of weekly payments and has no minimum. Disfigurements such as facial or head are also payable.  

Fetal Heart Rate and Defects Essay Example for Free

Fetal Heart Rate and Defects Essay Electronic fetal heart monitoring is commonly used for tracking how well the baby is doing within the contracting uterus and for detecting signs of fetal distress. External fetal heart monitoring is performed by attaching external transducers to the mothers abdomen with elastic straps. The transducers use Doppler ultrasound to detect fetal heart motion, and the information is sent to the fetal heart monitor which calculates and records the fetal heart rate on a continuous strip of paper. More modern fetal heart monitors have incorporated microprocessors and mathematical procedures to improve the fetal heart rate signal and the accuracy of the recording. An echocardiography can be used before birth to accurately identify many heart defects. The mother can be treated with medications that may restore normal heart rhythm in the fetus if the test shows that a fetus’s heart is beating too fast or too slow (Emitting Waves, R.C., n.d.). The fetal heart starts as a tube which folds and fuses in a complex structure that results in a muscular pump with four chambers and four valves. It is not surprising that small errors in development can lead to a wide variety of structural abnormalities in the 4 chambers, the 4 heart valves, the veins and great arteries. During fetal monitoring, a nurse will evaluate the strip for continuity and adequacy for interpretation, identify the baseline fetal heart rate and presence of variability, determine whether there are accelerations or decelerations from the baseline, identify patterns of uterine contraction, and correlate accelerations and decelerations with the uterine contractions. This will allow the nurse to determine whether the fetal heart rate recording is reassuring, non-reassuring, or ominous (Childrens Heart Federation, n.d). Fetal Heart Rate and Defects The normal fetal heart rate is between 110 to 180 beats per minutes (BPM), but can vary. Fluctuations of the fetal heart rate (usually associated with fetal movement) during different periods of the day are common and often rise above 160, going as high as 180 to 190 and are considered normal. Listening to a normally beating heart using a fetal ultrasound Doppler as early as 8 weeks can offer reassurance and cut down on a lot of stress and help assure that the developing fetus is healthy. While miscarriage occurs in only about 15 percent of apparently normal pregnancies, it only occurs in about 1 percent of pregnancies where a normal heartbeat has been seen or heard (Medscape, n.d). Recent studies conclude that changes in pregnant womens heart rate and blood pressure due to chronic stress and anxiety can have an effect on the fetal heart rate. The study did not report any negative effects on fetal health but confirmed that emotional based changes in a womans cardiovascular activity c an have real-time effects† on a fetus. A previous study has shown that stress during pregnancy can cause an increase in the risk of low-birth weight and premature birth. More importantly, increased evidence suggests that pregnancy stress can actually affect the babys behavior and functioning later in life (NT: Detection Rate CHD, n.d.). The ability for expectant mothers to listen to the fetal heart rate with a fetal Doppler offers a safe method of early fetal bonding which was previously only available at prenatal appointments with a medical professional. With its approval for in home by the FDA expecting parents have increasingly been opting to rent or purchase fetal Dopplers to help relieve some of the stress associated with the unknowns of early and late pregnancy. Fetal Doppler rentals are currently available through many online retailers at very affordable rates. Fetal heart rate monitoring is the process of checking the condition of a baby during labor and delivery by monitoring his or her heart rate with special equipment. Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring (EFM) was first introduced at Yale University in 1958. Since then, continuous EFM has been widely used in the detection of fetal compromise and the assessment of the influence of the intrauterine environment on fetal welfare (Evans and Niswander, 2000). There are two methods of fetal heart monitoring in labor. External fetal monitoring is done through the skin and is not meant to be invasive. Sensitive electrodes (connected to monitors) are placed on your abdomen over conducting jelly. The electrodes can sense the fetal heart rate (FHR) and the presence and duration of uterine contractions. Usually, the results of this test are continuous and are printed out, or they appear on a computer screen. Internal fetal monitoring involves placing a electrode directly on the fetal scalp through the cervix. The health care provider may use this method of monitoring your baby if external monitoring is not working well, or the information is inconclusive. Both types of tests are performed to evaluate fetal heart rate and variability between beats, especially in relation to uterine contractions. The tests also indicate the frequency and strength of uterine contractions (Belmont, 1998). Fortunately, fetal heart monitoring tests can detect numerous abnormal situations or conditions during pregnancy, such as reduced blood flow to the developing baby (cord compression), block of electrical signals within the heart muscle, causing an altered heart beat (fetal heart block), incorrect positioning of the baby (fetal malposition), too little oxygen supply to the developing baby, suggest the presence of infection, too little oxygen exchange between the uterus and the placenta, fetal distress, placenta abruption, and severe anemia in the developing baby. Most common heart defects, such as holes between the chambers (atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect) and even more complex conditions such as transposition of the great arteries and tetralogy of Fallot, can be successfully managed after birth (Belmont, 1998). Many of the aforementioned situations detected during a fetal heart monitoring could mean that the baby has a congenital heart defect. There are many types of congenital heart defects which is why it is so important that the fetal heart monitoring be done before and during labor. A fetal heart defect means that the baby will be born with a problem in the hearts structure. Learning of the childs congenital heart defect can help to understand his or her condition and what you can expect in the coming months and years. Some congenital heart defects are simple and dont need treatment. Other congenital heart defects in children are more complex and may require several surgeries performed over a period of several years. Heart-related complications can be temporary or may affect the child long-term (Emitting Waves, R.C, n.d.). One examples of a congenital heart defect is pulmonary atresia, which is when no pulmonary valve exists, so blood cant flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and on to the lungs. The right ventricle acts as a blind pouch that may stay small and not well developed. The tricuspid valve is often poorly developed, too. An opening in the atrial septum lets blood exit the right atrium, so venous (bluish) blood mixes with the oxygen-rich (red) blood in the left atrium. The left ventricle pumps this mixture of blood into the aorta and out to the body. Pulmonary atresia occurs in about one out of every 10,000 live births (Pulmonary Atresia, n.d.). Another type of congenital heart defect is congenital heart block, when detected at or before birth in a structurally normal heart, is strongly associated with autoantibodies reactive with certain proteins. In this defect, the hearts electrical signal doesnt pass from the hearts own natural pacemaker in the atrium to the lower chambers. When this occurs, an independent pacemaker in the lower chambers takes over. The ventricles can contract and pump blood, but at a slower rate than the atrial pacemaker. Complete heart block is most often caused in adults by heart disease or as a side effect of drug toxicity. Heart blocks can be present at birth (Belmont, 1998). Continuous lumbar epidural anesthesia is commonly used for analgesic treatment during labor and delivery; It is still a matter of controversy whether epidural anesthesia has direct or indirect side effects on the fetus. It has been reported that local anesthetics can cause changes in the fetal heart rate patterns in the sense of direct myocardial side effects (Evans and Niswander, 2000). It is apparent that there are marked cardiovascular changes that occur in the fetus with a congenital heart defect compared with the normal healthy fetus. Without the use of fetal heart monitoring tests, we would be unable to determine if the fetus has a congenital heart defect which could drastically delay treatment of the condition. Treatment varies widely with the type of disease, the effect that pregnancy has on the disease, and the effect that the disease has on pregnancy. If it is the fetus that has a problem, serial ultrasounds may be performed. Fetal heart rate monitoring may be necessary, or amniocentesis may be required. In addition, it may be essential to give the mother medications to act on the baby (Belmont, 1998). Summary A fetal heart defect is an abnormality in any part of the heart that is present in an unborn child. Approximately 35,000 infants are born with heart defects each year in the United States. An echocardiography can be used before birth to accurately identify many heart defects. The mother can be treated with medications that may restore normal heart rhythm in the fetus if the test shows that a fetus’s heart is beating too fast or too slow. In most cases, scientists do not know what makes a baby’s heart develop abnormally, but genetic and environmental factors appear to play roles.

Situational And Pestel Analysis At Bp Commerce Essay

Situational And Pestel Analysis At Bp Commerce Essay Kotler (1998) stated that PESTEL analysis is a strategic tool to analyse the present market condition of a business, understanding market growth or decline, potential and direction for operations. According to porter (1985) PESTEL ensures that companys performance is aligned positively with the powerful forces of change that are affecting business environment. Jobber, (2006), Source:google images 2010 Political factor plays a major role in any organizations business expansion in new markets. The political condition of the country, region or the market has direct effect on the companys outcome there. UK government policy changing from time to time. Recently the UK governments have increased the import tax by 3% (Data monitor 2010) which is affecting the offshore oil industry in UK. For example, the North Sea industry has been facing major challenges. UK government policy changing from time to time. The new conservative government change several policies after post election to the oil and gas industry such as petroleum revenue tax (PRT) at 50% on the top of corporation tax if the business established before 1993. (Source: http://social.decomworld.com/industry-insight/post-election-outlook-north-sea-oil-and-prt on 17th Dec 2010) Economic factors According to Thompson (2002) economic conditions impinge on how easy or difficult it is to be successful and profitable at any time because they affect both capital availability and cost, and demand. Supply of money has adverse effect on UK economy. The economy has recently come out of the recession, so all the banks are trying to avoid funding in higher resources. For instance most of oil industry projects are stopped due to insufficient supply of fund.Higher inflation and recession has major effects on people income. Instead of using own transport, common people will be travelling in public transport which will have effect on oil industry sale. (Mintzberg et al. 2009) Sociocultural factors The social environment demonstrates demand and tastes, which changes with fashion and disposable income which can provide both opportunities and threats for particular companies According to recent census report the population of the UK will increase in the near future due to high immigrant rates and ageing population. Further investigation analyzed the population structure and energy consumption in UK  has gone down nearly 20% due to ageing population which will have a major impact to the oil and gas industry in the UK especially BP because of larger market share. ( Souce :  http://www.statistics.gov.uk/StatBase/Product.asp?vlnk=6303  . Article: population trends 140 summer 2010 ) ( Source :  http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11514248  Ã‚  .   published: 12 October 2010 ) Technological At present time Technology plays a major role in almost every organization to gain sustainable competitive advantage from its competitors. UK oil and gas industry is going through very challenging environment due to innovative technologies to gain maximum resources. The best example is that of North Sea to recover oil from complex resources by utilizing innovative techniques. New technology is the key aspects of innovative resources. The government is spending on alternative energy technologies (AETs) are analysed important factors of new development and organizational categories. Environment Refining and operation process required large amount of chemicals and finally extraction of gas and petroleum produce air pollution. In addition to these several hazardous products released in oil and gas industry as waste which are associated with environmental risk factors. The UK Environmental Management System (EMS) is associated with different law relate to oil and gas operation in a specific location to control the risk factors. (Source: http://www.oilandgasuk.co.uk/knowledgecentre/environment.cfm on 18th Dec 2010) (Source: http://www.oilandgasforum.net/management/regula/ukprof.htm on 18th Dec 2010) Legal Factor Health and safety is the major concern with the people linked with oil industry. UK health and safety policy is regulated by the government which helps to protect the personal health of the workers in oil exploration, drilling, distribution, consumer disposal and industrial factors. Product safety is another important factor in oil and gas industry, because the leakage of resources from the outlet can create havoc impact on the environment. The legislation is concerned with the raw materials or formulates products. The UK government considers to vital information to find the volatility risk factors concerned with products and materials. Evaluation of risk associated with oil and gas industry are analyzed with special measures in future. Best example BP need to face major consequences during oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. In addition, BC News 22 August, 2010 Oil and gas industry has to improve safety of workers on offshore because of big rise in injuries and other serious incidents. The average number of injuries for the previous five years was 42. (Source:http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-11059986 accessed on 16th Dec 2010) (Source: http://www.hse.gov.uk/offshore/guidance/entrants.pdf accessed on 16th Dec 2010) (Source:http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9032686HYPERLINK http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9032686contentId=7059968HYPERLINK http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9032686contentId=7059968contentId=7059968 accessed on 18th Dec 2010) BP SWOT ANALYSIS Globalization is changing the face of the business world at present time. Companies operate in a very difficult environment and face numerous challenges when competing in global markets. Now a days managing global operations requires knowledge about various strategies and intercultural skills and that expand beyond traditional management principles and techniques. SWOT analysis is a strategic planning tool used to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, Opportunities and threats of an organization. The key to a SWOT analysis is identifying the internal and external factors which are important to achieve the goals of the organization. The internal factors include strengths and weaknesses of the organization and the external factors are the opportunities and threats. SWOT analysis is popular among the managers for its simplicity as a planning tool and its flexibility to adapt in any situation or project. The strengths and weaknesses of a company depend on its internal elements like resources, operational programs, and departments like sales, marketing and distribution. An opportunity is a attractive condition which can be exploited to strengthen a strategic position, such as increasing demand for a new product. A threat is a condition which creates uncertainties which damage an organizations performance and market share. BP is known as giant in oil industry and spread its business geographically. The organization has huge Market Capitalization worldwide due to this the company has significant bargaining and domination power. But still the organization needs to face some consequences, which can be analyzed on SWOT factors. Source 🙠 International strategic management 2010) Strengths Weaknesses Leading Market Position and Major capitalization Vertically incorporated operations Broad global existence Disaster in the Gulf of Mexico Outburst in the Texas plant Destruction of tax law in turkey Opportunities Threats Purchase of Devon Energys resources in Brazil, US deep water gulf of Mexico and Azerbaijan. Acquired new project on oil and gas exploration. Diversifying investment in the alternative energy business and others resources. Diffusion of assets in North Sea. Volatility in some oil producing region. Environmental safety policy Major risk involved in exploring and production oil and gas activities Threat of a acquiring by other competitors. (Datamonitor 2010) Strengths Leading market position BP is one of the largest Petrol manufacturing companies in the global world and occupied largest market share in term of capitalization. The main clients of BP are Aviations, Military and general airlines sectors and marine industry. Vertically Incorporated position BP operational strategy for oil business divided into two segments mainly: refining and marketing; and production and oil services. They are broadly classified into three categories; upper-stream operation deals which includes gas exploration and field development. Lower stream operation consists of refineries and marketing network and the middle-stream operation associated with six factors: processing, management and ownership, natural gas pipelines, export terminals, NGL extraction and transportation to their consumers.Thus, their vertically incorporated position gives competitive advantages in the oil industry. Broad Global Existence The organization has very large number of consumer base worldwide. Their existence is in more than 80 countries in geographical market. (Euromonitor 2009) Weaknesses Disaster occurs in the Gulf of Mexico, Texas plant and Tax law in Turkey: The disaster occurs in the Gulf of Mexico and Texas plant in 2010 and in 2005 due to drilling and exploration of oil well and careless risk management and planning. The exploration causes huge damage to the US environment. This effect the BP brand image and cost them too much which may affect the BPs profit margin. (Datamonitor 2010) Opportunities Acquiring New Assets: BP acquired several assets around the world. The new asset acquired by BP in 2010 includes Devon Energys in Brazil, Azerbaijan and US deep water Gulf of Mexico. These provide the organization significant long term growth and also emphasize company operational strengths and key interest around the world. Acquired new projects on oil and gas exploration: BP has explored many new projects in the FY 2009. For example Angola and Sonangol announced Oberion Oil discovery, Tiber prospect in deep water Gulf of Mexico discovery Tebe oil projects and many more. The discovery of new projects will enhance the BP production in future.(Mintel 2009) Diversification of Investment into alternate Business: BP has diversified some of their investment in alternate business like solar and wind in FY 2009. The intervention of low carbon energy and bio-fuel technology will maximize the company profits and create a brand image in friendlier environment. Threats Environmental risk and Risk involved in Exploration, Diffusion of North Sea, Volatility in oil region and acquiring business by competitors: There are many risk associated with BP oil industry. Environment and exploration damages in Gulf of Mexico, Texas and Turkey are some better examples, which may affect the brand image as well as operational cost to the organization. To summarize the SWOT analysis provides the basic framework to appraise an organizations internal and external position in its environment including their potential impact on performance. Porters strategy Porters 5 forces analysis deals with the factors happening in the external environment which have direct link with the internal environment of an organization. Porters competitive forces model consists of five forces which has a direct impact on an organizations performance in the business market. Source:google images 2010 Threat of entry The threat of new entrants is usually based on the market entry barriers. In the renewable energy market the threat of new player entering the market is low comparable to other sectors. Also the favorable government policies for existing competitors Creates barriers for a new comer in the market Threat of substitutes The threat of substitution depend on the switching costs i.e., the costs in the areas such as redevelopment costs which takes place when a customer changes preferences or get interested in other similar products. Its difficult to predict the end of fossil fuel domination. So as for now only fossil fuels pose as a significant replacement to renewable energy. Rivalry among existing competitors Basically all the major oil firms know the fact that fossil fuels will be destroyed sooner or later following which the alternative energy will become the way of the future. So all the companies invest their capital in developing alternative energy to position themselves early in new markets and also strengthen their position in existing markets. Bargaining power of the customers Buyer power is a very important horizontal force which influences the misuse of the value created by a trade. The volume and the application of customers are the two most important determinants of buyer power.   Supplier Power Supplier power is a direct reflection of the buyer power. By utilizing its vast capital and technological knowhow BP has developed its own internals supply network in every country it operates. Source: http://www.seattlesynergy.com/documents/BeyondPetroleum.pdf accessed on 20th Dec 2010 Source: http://university-essays.tripod.com/porters_5_forces_analysis.html,accessed on 20th Dec 2010 Marketing mix McCarthy developed the idea of marketing mix 40 years ago. Marketing mix can be defined as the levels and relationship of the fundamentals of a products or services marketing efforts, including product features, pricing, packaging, advertising, merchandising, distribution, and marketing budget which directly affects the sales results. It consists of four components- product, price, place, promotion. Source:google images 2010 Price Pricing is a very complex area. Generally consumers give more priority on higher priced products, so its best to test various pricing levels of the products over time to find the right pricing combination that maximizes the profits. The examples of price decisions generally consists of Pricing strategy ,optional retail price, amount discounts and extensive pricing, Cash or early payment discounts, cyclic pricing, Price plasticity, Price unfairness etc. Place Another dimension of marketing mix is place. Its also known as channel, distribution, or intermediary. Its a process by which the goods or services are moved from the manufacturer to the consumer .the types of distribution decisions mainly include supply channels, Market coverage, particular channel members , stock management, Warehousing ,allocation centers , categorize processing , Transportation , Reverse logistics. Product A product is a tangible physical identity by which both buying and selling can be done. The examples of product may include Brand visibility, Functionality, Styling, superiority, security, wrapping, maintenance and sustain, Warranty, trimmings and services Levels of a Product. The Product Life Cycle (PLC) Source:google images 2010 The Customer Life Cycle which put emphasis on the delivery of lifetime value to the customer to retain them for the business. Promotion Last of the 4 p s is promotion. It represents various aspects of marketing communication, i.e., the information about the product to generate a positive customer response. Marketing communication mainly includes promotional strategies like push and pull , promotions ,Personal selling, Sales advertisements , Public relations, Marketing budget Source:http://marketingteacher.com/lesson-store/lesson-marketing-mix.html, accessed on 20th Dec 2010 Source:http://www.netmba.com/marketing/mix/,accessed on 20th Dec 2010 Implementation process Objective of NPD: The objective should run through a various process, while time launching is the crucial part than promotion pathways.. According to Ulrich and Eppinger, objective for budgets and finance have strong role to launch a new product in the market. (Ulrich T and Eppinger D 2004) Marketing concept and frame work process: Idea Generation: Every successful product need comprehensive ideas, so idea generation is the first and most important part of any new product launch in the market also known as Fuzzy front end. The company needs to analyze the SWOT to find its potential market and possible threats. Sometimes the idea of a new product generate with the opportunity analysis. (Koen et al. 2001) Idea Screening: is a concept which eliminates unsound objects. Companies need to find the existing market size and target market where they can get a picture about the product whether it could be profitable or not. Some questions should be asked in this process like as, is there any target market lies which could benefit from the product? (Keller P, 2008) Concept Development and Testing: is the framework where a product can be developing in the marketing and engineering details. Customer feedback is the most valuable part of a company where they assure about the future of the product which is going to be launch soon. (Koen et all, 2001) Business Analysis: A complete and flawless business strategy lies in various important implementations of marketing theories. For successful business strategy, need to estimate the selling price, which could base upon competition and consumer feedback, estimate the sales volume of the market size and it can be based on Fourt-Woodtlock equation tool and calculate the break-even point.( Smith G and Reinertsen G 1998)   Market Testing: After successful business planning, market testing is required to check the sustainability of the product. So build up a prototype of the proposed product, need to test the product packaging and checking the necessary adjustment where needed(Cooper G 1988) Technical Implementation: Few of the necessary steps should taken in this process likes as, set up a new program imitation, finalize the system of quality management, publish the estimate, need to produce the technical communication such as data sheets, draw the logistic plan and supplier collaboration, review the whole program and monitoring, keep an eye about the department scheduling. ( Koen et all, 2001) Promotion after new product development: A new or existing product launching process is going on through various promotional campaigns to reach the target customers. In that time, the product must launch in the market while need to fill the distribution pipeline with their recently launch product and promote their new product through advertisement. ( Prahalad Hammel, 2007) New Product Pricing: The last part of this framework is product pricing where the product can set up its launch on market. The financial team analyzes the internal and external value while they justify the impact and customer demand on the new product portfolio. (Aniston et all, 2001) Conclusion British Petroleum developed several oil fields and constructed refineries in different countries all over the world, including major interests in Alaskas Prudhoe Bay and in the north sea near United Kingdom, BP ,its subsidiaries and associated companies combine together to engage in the investigation, manufacture, refinement, shipping, and delivery of oil and natural gas and in the manufacture of chemicals, plastics, and synthetic fibers. It also operates expediency stores and filling stations through other brands like, Aral, ARCO, and am/pm.From the above factors we can analyze BP options are opened widely to overcome the oil spill cost. They can strengthen their financial resources from current drill oil and develop for new forces such as solar energy because for the new trends in the emerging market. Besides this, it will also boost up the companys reputation and reduce the environmental threats and pollution.

My Personal Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Education

Education is not a group of classes containing a series of facts to be used on a test and then forgotten. Education is a series of tools that students use every day in the classroom and in the real world. The English language is the primary language of the United States and people use it to communicate throughout the world. Yet, many students have difficulty using the language properly. As an educator, I would like to make a difference and help students write better and use proper grammar and punctuation. All students are capable of learning and learning about language does not mean students simply learn a series of rules. Using the language is the key to understanding it. Like many teachers, I prefer an eclectic approach. I see rows and columns of seats, filled with students. The rows would be changed into small circles for group work, which would be a part of my approach to teaching. Signs on the wall address the rules for the classroom and the consequences for those that break the rules. I would use a combination of essentialism and progressivism in the classroom, as defined by Teachers, Schools, and Society, written by Myra Pollack Sadker and David Miller Sadker. Lectures, textbooks, and written assignments would be part of my teaching style. Certain subjects lend themselves to progressive assignments, but English should be taught so that students learn the rules of the language and how to apply them. This would be essentialism in action. Writing is undervalued in many English classes. Instead of writing a report about a short story, students could write a short research paper on a topic that interests them. By using proper grammar, they would be learning to use the rules of the language and become stronger writers. A... ...y during the summer of 2014 and I observed in Education 210 and 305 during the fall of 2014, so not much has changed about my methods or my expectations. I still believe an eclectic approach is best in the classroom because different students require different approaches to material. A wonderful observation I did gain during my experiences teaching lessons was the light bulb flicking on in students’ minds when they understand material and the joy of experiencing this. My observations affirmed my decision to go back to college and become a teacher and I sawmodels of instruction put into practice by my supervising teachers. It is good reinforcement when students can experience what books teach in a real classroom. My philosophy may yet change and evolve and if so, that is good. A philosophy that does not change means the person who wrote it has not experienced growth.

Andrea Yates Essay -- Killers Murder Crime Criminals

Andrea Yates   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Yates does not fit the profile of a mother who kills her children† said Hay of Child Protective Services. (Glenn par. 14) Most mothers who kill their children are younger and generally start out as teen-age moms. However, thirty-seven year old Andrea Pia Yates killed her five children and is now on trial to receive a punishment for her actions. She claims the reason she committed the crime is because she suffers from a severe case of postpartum depression. Andrea Yates possesses many problems and no matter her state of mental health, she will be punished for the crime she committed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On June 20, 2001, Andrea Pia Yates drowned her four sons and one daughter ranging from ages six months to seven years. She drowned Noah, 7, John, 5, Paul, 3, Luke, 2, and Mary, six months, in the bathtub in their home. The children were apparently killed approximately one hour after their father, longtime NASA Johnson Space Center computer engineer, left for work. The bodies of three of her sons and her infant daughter were found on a bed, covered by a sheet. The oldest boy was found in the bathtub, Houston Police said. (Glenn par. 2) She was arrested without bond on June 22 for the charge of murdering her five children. Andrea was arrested after summoning the police to her home located in Clear Lake. Andrea called her husband Russell after phoning police and said he had â€Å"better come home†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (qtd. in Glenn par. 15). When he arrived, police were already at the scene and would not allow him to enter his home. 2 Looking dazed, the skinny long-haired woman said: â€Å"I killed my kids.† (qtd. in Glenn par. 3).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Andrea Yates claimed that the reason she killed her children was because she suffered from postpartum depression. Postpartum depression, which affects approximately eight to fifteen percent of mothers in America, usually starts four weeks after the birth of a child and can last for months (Post Partum Depression screen 1). It causes feelings of panic, confusion, and hopelessness, and can change the sleeping and eating patterns of the one suffering. Postpartum depression is usually mild and is easily treated with medication. Yet, in come rare cases, it can lead to violence. Postpartum depression is classified in three different categories. The ... ..., yet experts believe that she really does not know everything that is going on around her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ever since June 20, people across America have been confused and disturbed by the actions of Andrea Pia Yates. The hearts of everyone go out to her poor husband who is now left with no one to call his immediate family. Russell Yates made a website which is dedicated to his five children. The website has pictures and home videos of each of the children. The world can only hope and pray that such tragic and shocking events like the one that occurred on June 20 will not occur in the future. Works Cited 1 Christian, Carol. â€Å"Makeup of Yates Jury Many Hint at Defense Strategy.†, â€Å"The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yates Jury Trial.† Houston Chronicle 31 January 2002. 2 Christian, Carol. â€Å"Yates Murder Trial Starts Today.† Houston Chronicle 18 February   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2002. 3 Christian, Carol. â€Å"Jury Gives Yates Life with out Parole for Forty Years.† Houston   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chronicle 16 March 2002. 4 Glenn, Mike. â€Å"June 20: Mom Held in Killing Five Kids.† Houston Chronicle 21   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  June 2001. 5 Post Partum Depression. 18 March 2002. http://www.ask.com Ask Jeeves results.

Hamlet on Film: An Alternative Medium Essay

Hardliners and literary purists of Shakespeare’s works might find it hard to engage in the entertaining yet profound modern adaptation of Hamlet. Michael Almereyda’s re-interpretation of Hamlet set in modern times has met mix criticisms one of disdain and the other filled with delight. There have been many attempts to make Shakespeare’s Hamlet relevant to today’s fast-paced and commercially driven society. Still the rest falter while a rare few have managed to shine to perfection even if the snotty will most likely pick on the apparent anachronism and lack of literary value. Yet Almereyda’s adaptation of Shakespeare’s Hamlet to film is able to transcend the fixation for the original and provide something that young audiences and readers alike can enjoy. Shakespeare’s Hamlet has attained universal familiarity. It follows a plot that even the uninitiated can relate to. It is a story about a person who, after finding out that his mother has married another (who turns out later to be the murderer of the father) just after the wake of the of his father, suffers an episode of mad rampage and revenge. The madness that Hamlet suffers is a tale that is almost impossible to portray without the aid of poetic words and lyrics. This is probably why any attempt at projecting the complicated character and his vices in the big screen would most likely fail. His madness is simply beyond the reach of any cinematic magic. What is required is a clever play of words and the appropriate use of imagery and not a series of images that fails to deliver what is hidden and subtle. Notwithstanding this major obstacle, Almereyda’s manner of telling the story in the same archaic English language but with liberal changes in setting, actors and overall plot has overcome the hurdle of making Shakespearean plays relevant. The fact that the plot was revamped to include radical technological advancements such as the advent of wireless telecommunications and the dominant presence of corporations is something that borders on incredible insensitivity to the original Hamlet to pure genius. At first glance, it is difficult to connect the past with the future. Other adaptations strive to stay true to the script as well as the contextual background in translating the words of Shakespeare to moving images. However, Almereyda’s version, if it can be called as such, revolutionizes the way Shakespeare and his works are interpreted on the silver screen. For instance, kings were replaced by corporate big-heads and CEO’s and Hamlet—a medieval figure has been transformed to a person who embodies with utmost accuracy late-teenage angst with certain qualities that not only keeps in line with how Hamlet was then but also takes on other unique attributes such being pensive and reserved. Ambitious as it is difficult, the modern version of Hamlet is in many ways a success than a failure. Ethan Hawke’s portrayal of Hamlet maybe a little too wide of the mark in certain scenes where it is obvious that the recitation of Shakespeare’s famous lines appear forced and contrived. But where it matters the most, especially the famous Hamlet soliloquy where he ponders on the several layers of life and living comes out as both contemporary and faithful to the original. For instance, the scene in the video store is telling of how much the film has integrated old English to modern life. Ethan Hawke, who plays Hamlet, utters the famous monologue with consistency and resolve. At first, the words come out too slow and too artificial as if Shakespeare’s words suddenly turned violent and meaningless with Ethan Hawke’s voice. But after several moments of dramatic pauses and carefully timed emphasis on certain words, the teenage-angst driven speech becomes a beautiful and deliberate as if the character is both alike and different to Hamlet. Perhaps this is because the lines are inherently profound and no matter who says it and in whatever manner the lines will never be less good than it is. Yet it is clear, that the portrayal is more than sufficient to pass the standards that Shakespeare, if alive today, would likely approve. In other words, the scene where Ethan Hawke performs the famous lines is a gamble by the director, which gamble has paid off. For one, despite the initial problems with connecting the old times with the new inasmuch as the film is merely a rehash of an old play, the monologue has turned from ancient to modern. Thanks to the controlled way in which Ethan Hawke has delivered the lines, it becomes easy for the modern audience to appreciate the lines as if they were reading the original. Another notable feature of the scene is the fact that it is set in video rental store. This is significant because it is generally assumed that when Hamlet said these words he was alone and in a dark place. In the scene however, the place was well lighted and the actor although technically alone was surrounded by shelves of consumer-friendly products i. e. movies and blockbusters, which if interpreted in the modern sense would probably paint a picture of a world overwhelmed by the omnipresence of consumers and products. In other words, the scene was shown in a way that touches base with the reality of the corporate world as juxtaposed to the dark and brooding environment when Hamlet felt the need to question life and his desire to live. The changes in some of the lines are also a contentious issue when watching the film after having read the original. While it is admirable that the screenwriter has decided to edit a few words out in order to make some of the lines easy to the ears of the moviegoer, the fact that some of the words were taken out and replaced with a â€Å"re-interpretation† if not an abbreviation of complex thoughts puts a huge crevice from the original work from the adaptation. One such instance is the scene where Hamlet slowly dies as he utters his final words. The original version has a measured cadence to the words but the film turns this rhythm into short phrases that notwithstanding the close similarity to the original fails to capture the original scene when Hamlet dies. These departures from the original are probably a necessary evil in order to produce and make a film of such scale and ambition. It would not be surprising that to transform a Shakespearean ballad into a modern version would require some tweaking in order to present the story to the audience that does not only overwhelm them with details and the subtlety of the original but manages to thresh out the beauty of the play without being too cerebral. In the same vein, the film is successful as a modern adaptation of Hamlet precisely because the world wherein the story is set is almost similar. While the Prince of Denmark had his grand stature and his privileged position as a respected intellectual in Shakespeare’s Hamlet, so did the Hamlet in Almereyda’s film. The rest of the characters also jive with, or at least stay parallel to, the original. They appear and play the roles in the film almost exactly as how one would imagine the characters while reading the play. Indeed, the visual advantages of film are play a major role in making the film a success as compared to the flat and limited stage acting. It is a fact that the plays of Shakespeare were performed on stage with real actors very much like films of today are dominated by actors and actresses. However, it is entirely different when the medium involves the big screen, closed-up images, camera angles and the freedom to shoot scenes in whatever form and location. The limitations of staging Hamlet on a closed-in theatrical platform are overcome by the power of the film to zoom in and out of key locations. In addition, not only are the locations more versatile and limitless, comparatively, but the facial expressions and the movements of the actors and actresses become magnified for the audience to hear and see with incomparable precision and detail. Ultimately, these main visual and auditory advantage help make the modern adaptation a faithful re-production of Hamlet and an exquisitely wrought and clever modern portrayal of timeless and iconic characters playing out a famous story of revenge, betrayal and redemption. Works Cited Hamlet. Dir. Michael Almereyda. Perf. Ethan Hawke, Julia Stiles, Bill Murray, Kyle MacLachlan, Diane Venora, and Sam Shepard. Miramax, 2000. Film.

Morality Play Essay

* Popular from the early 1400s to the 1580s. * Morality plays were about the fate of a single individual’s soul. * The main character represented all men and often had a name such as Mankind or Everyman to demonstrate their allegorical function. * They include vice and temptation characters attempt to corrupt the Everyman figure. * Allegorical characters also represent virtues. The ‘Everyman’ character listens to them and takes note of warnings, often returning briefly to his ‘good’ lifestyle. * A reform/relapse pattern is repeated several times. * Through a series of blunders and moral lessons the hero is gradually educated into an understanding of the difference between right and wrong and the nature of god. * At the end, the main character settles his accounts with God and either lives or dies forgiven and Christian. He is wiser and better at the end of the play. * A chorus, such as the Messenger and Doctor characters in Everyman, is used to comment on and explain the action for the audience. Elements of Renaissance plays. * Contain soliloquies in which a highly distinct self reflects upon his own desires and actions. * Celebrate the scope of human powers while acknowledging their boundaries; there is a duality at work which praises man’s creative powers (by implication also those of the poet, or author) but concedes that man is not God and that ultimately all his powers derive from God. * They begin to refer to the new countries and things being discovered by explorers, mentioning exotic settings and transporting their audiences around the world. Renaissance ideas * The body and soul are separate and linked with different elements and humours. * Catholicism was banned in England and the Pope was considered the antichrist by some. * Renaissance scholars studied classical literature, including Roman and Greek philosophy. Discussion of what it meant to be human centred on reason, balance and dignity – much more individualistic than medieval scholastic thinking. * The humanist attitude to the world was anthropocentric: instead of regarding humanity as fallen and corrupt, their idea of truth and excellence was based on human values and experience; people openly questioned religious theology and teaching. * The world was dynamic, changing and exciting. Plays explored the many contrasts between how people should behave and how they actually do, and the questions and contradictions thrown up by a changing world.

Woody allen's films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Woody allen's films - Essay Example aracters’ problems too easily and therefore, his humor serves a detrimental purpose in draining away the potential value that his films could represent. This is opposed to the view of Nangy Pogel who affectionately refers to Allen as the â€Å"little man† and views his humor as a cartoonic representation of the Director. Girgus sees a more serious purpose behind Allen’s view and is of the view that it serves to deepen the intricacy of the narrative rather than detract from it. In his criticism of Allen’s films, Carney therefore differs from these other two authors in that he views the humor in Allen’s films as an element that detracts from the real value that his films could have. Carney is critical of Woody Allen’s use of humor in the context of the real problems that the characters in his films may face. He points to the example of Hannah’s drug problem in the film Hannah and her sisters. Holly has a serious problem of drug addiction, yet it is never presented as such in the film, although the problem is mentioned in almost every scene in which the character of Hannah appears. Her muddled state and her pleas for money while in a drug induced state are presented in an endearing rather than a frightening manner. She is openly shown taking drugs in only one scene, when she goes on a date with Mickey (played by Allen). Yet the scene that ensues after she takes drugs is full of gaffes and jokes and it ends up with Hannah being cured of her drug problem. This is another aspect that Carney is critical of – the manner in which serious problems are often revealed only at the end and then miraculously cured through the use of humor. In the film Annie Hall, when Annie is almost being induced to try drugs, the character of Alvy tries the drug and sneezes the powder all over the room, thereby dispelling the frightening moment when Annie could have slipped into that dangerous state in a puff of powder humor, and the problem ends right there and the time bomb is

Anomalies of Water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Anomalies of Water - Essay Example This is because the two hydrogen atoms have special way of bonding to the one oxygen atom whereby they get bonded to the top of the molecule. Subsequently, â€Å"this molecular structure gives the water molecule polarity or a lopsided electrical charge that attracts other atoms† (Home Science Tools, 2012). Because the molecule formed is charged to attract other atoms, it makes water gain its strong bonding, making surface tension and formation of droplets possible. Without any doubt, this anomaly of water makes it arguably the most important liquid, significant for life on earth. If for nothing at all, it is known that â€Å"It covers about 70% of Earths surface and it makes up 65-75% of our bodies (82% of our blood is water).† What this means is that without the stretching property of water, transport through 70% of the earth’s surface would have been cut off and made impossible because ships, boats and other water vessels would not have been able to travel on the surface of water. These objects would have simply sunk deep under water. Again, knowing that rains come in the form of droplets, the world would also have lacked the rain drops because water would have perhaps not had the property to flow all the way from the skies to the earth. This shows how perfectly water matches up in God’s design for the earth and life because as much as life would not have existed without water; water has been made in a way that makes it easier to be part of

History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

History - Assignment Example John River a through the Lake St. John and Lake Nipissing to the south end. East Florida, on the other hand, was bounded to the west by the Gulf of Mexico and Apalachicola River. In the same way, West Florida was enclosed by the Gulf of Mexico on the south. Lastly, islands of Grenada, together with Grenadines and the Islands of Dominico, St. Vincents and Tobago, shall be put under the care and inspection by the Governor of Newfoundland. If someone had already settled on those lands reserved for Indians, then these people shall be forced to immediately remove themselves from the settlements. To facilitate this action, the governors and commanders-in-chief of all colonies as well as those under the Government and Direction of Proprietaries will implement the provisions in the treaty. Also, officers in the military and those under the Management and Direction of Indian Affairs shall arrest those who will commit crimes and violate the treaty. Violators shall be subjected to trial in the colony where the crime is committed. People are not allowed to buy land from the Indians because, according to the government, because people are connected with the tribe. Also, since it is assumed that the Indians live under the protection of the people, the crown took the responsibility of protecting hunting grounds for Indians. In this way, their possession in their dominions and territories will not be disturbed or

Technological Artifact Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Technological Artifact Analysis - Essay Example The only slightly raised features are the square directional pad in the middle, the three dividing bars between the keypad rows and the lens insert for the camera on the back. At first glance this artefact looks impressive. There is nothing elaborate or fussy about the design, and every visual aspect tends towards simplicity and sleekness. There are no garish colors, and so it would not appeal to young children. One notable review of the product observes that it is an adaptation of the earlier, popular Nokia 6300 model and highlights the styling as its best feature: â€Å"the 6700 is a beauty, made in the same style but with a more attractive and much daintier face† (PhoneArena Team, 2009, p. 1). This is an interesting comment to make in connection with a cell phone, since this artefacts is a functional object, and one might assume that it would be marketed on its technical features rather than the design of the casing. It is evident to anyone familiar with recent developments in mobile technology that this cell phone is not one of the most advanced models in terms of performance, even considering that it is now at least three years old. There is no wifi capability or touch screen functionality. The artefact’s title of â€Å"Nokio 6700 classic† is a clue to its niche and significance in the fast moving world of cell phone design. This artefact is intended to be the best of its class, and one which will go down in history as a market leader in cell phone design when it was produced in 2009. The two most striking features of the artefact are the shiny, metal surface which covers most of the back of the phone and one third of the front, and the gently curving corners. These two features suggest quite different things in most cultures. Silver metal of this kind is usually connected with engineering and technology. It is not the soft, glowing silver of a piece of

Social Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Social Psychology - Essay Example Social psychology is a â€Å" scientific study of the effects of social and cognitive processes on the way individuals perceive, influence and relate to others† (Smith & Mackie, 2000, p. 3). Different psychologists have tried to explain the impact of society on human being. However, Floyd Allport believed that society does not influence the thinking of human being. Floyd Allport said that , â€Å"the individual in the crowd behaves just as he would behave alone, only more so†, as according to him, human being’s behavior in the society is a result of his own thinking, feelings, perception and nature and not the result of society’s influence on him (Allport & Wozniak, 1994, p.295). What Allport suggests is that all the aspects of human behavior and human nature like self identity, attitude, prejudice, discrimination, performance, self image etc. are results of his own thinking and what he makes out of that thinking. His own thinking pattern and the perception of the social behavior makes him to form a picture of the society. Hence, the aspects of behavior pattern which we think are shaped by the society are in fact shaped by man’s own thinking and feelings. According to Allport (1954), discrimination is the extension of behavior and it makes person use behavioral elements like harsh words, exclusion, avoidance and also physical attack (Lott & Maluso, 1995, p.4). Hence, it can be said that the behavior pattern of prejudice and the discrimination that man practices against people belonging to certain race, class or skin color is not a result of social influence but is a result of his own belief and thinking. The question is, even if

Business Studies - Recruitment and Selection Essay Example for Free

Business Studies Recruitment and Selection Essay Every business or organisation has a recruitment department, which is often undertaken by recruiters. It can be undertaken by an employment agency or even a member of staff at the business organisation. Human resources run the recruitment process. Recruitment (run by the human resource department) is the process of finding the right possible candidates for the job. When the organisation knows what candidates they re looking for Advertisement is commonly used for recruiting the right employees. Recruitment process: A business or organisation must have a work plan in order to make sure that they find the right number of employees for their needs. When a business is looking to recruit new employees they need to be able to mention and define the main jobs and responsibilities that will be expected. During the recruitment process there are many stages that need to be followed In order to select the right candidate for the job. The recruitment flow chart: Job analysis: Job analysis is the first part of the recruitment process. This is when the human resources department needs to identify whether a new member of staff is needed or could the work be done by reorganizing existing staff or working over time. Or even consider whether part-time or full time appointment needed. Job analysis is essential for the recruitment process and this defines whether they need workers and is so will the business recruit internal or external employees. The human resources department will need to decide whether to recruit employees internally or externally. Recruiting internal candidates will benefit the business as this will increase their workers morale and their motivation will increase because there is a higher chance of them getting promoted than the external employees. Another advantage of recruiting an internal employee is theres a lower cost of not having to go through training, as they already know the business. However the disadvantage is having to replace their internal workers. External candidates will also help gain advantage for the organisation as they will let the business find out more about the competition, gaining more ideas. The disadvantage of recruiting an external employee is the cost of training them to learn more about the business. Job description: A job analysis can be used to create a job description. The job description will describe how a particular employee is to fit into the organisation. A job description could be used as a job indictor for applicants. Alternatively it could also be used as a guideline for an employee to his or her role and responsibilities within in the organisation. Job descriptions can be used by organisations to provide information for use in drafting a situation vacant advertisement and for briefing interviews. he function for a job description can be very simple. Its when the businesses human resources department will need to draw up a list of tasks that the job will involve and the responsibilities of the person appointed. This is good for a business to draw a list up of their specific job description as this gives not only employers but also employees an idea of what theyre looking for. So therefore the business will most likely attract workers that they appointed for. Person specification: Armed with this sort of specification, those responsible for recruiting and selecting someone to do a particular job have a much clearer idea of the ideal candidate. However at the same time those applying for the job have a much clearer idea of what is expected of them and whether they have the skills and attributes. The human resources department may set out for its own use a person specification. The meaning of person specification is identifying the personal qualities for example qualities such: * Experience: Someone with experience in carrying out a particular job who has a particular responsibilities should be able to draw on that experience n new situations. * Qualifications: Is another important part of a person specification. As they will have more knowledge then say someone who have no qualifications. Another advantage for a employee in having qualifications as this will lower the list of people wanting a job, for example if an employer has a long list of employees he/she will recruit either ones with experience or ones who have qualifications. The advantages for the person specification process in recruiting in staff, is the employers will benefit from recruiting experienced staff as they are able to do a range of tasks. This makes them more flexible workers, which in turn increases the output of the business. Customers often like to deal with experienced employees. Qualifications are also good measures of prior learning. The idea of qualification is that it prepares he employee to do a particular job or activity. Inn creating person specification, organisations will therefore need to consider the level of qualification required by a job holder. Job advert Job advertisements form an important part of the recruitment process. An organisation is able to communicate job vacancies to a selected audience by this means. Most job advertisements are written (or at least checked) By the personal department, a task involving the same skills as marketing a product. Advertisements must reach those people who have the qualities to fill the vacancy. Job advertisements take many forms, according to the requirements of the post. A good job advertisement, while providing prospect candidates with helpful information also helps to deter people who do not have the required qualifications for the job. Presentations of the advertisement is very important as it gives prospective employees a first impression of the organisation Application form: Having an application form is essential. If businesss or organisations provide an application form, it means that theyre looking for someone precise. This is good for the business, because the candidates have to right specific stuff that are required, which means the business can find the right employee. Where as some businesses ask for employees CV. In my opinion this is a disadvantage to the organisation, as the candidate can write what ever they feel, most likely something that will advantage them to getting the job. So therefore the organisation wont be able to find the right candidate to do the job. Interview: Interviews are very important in the recruitment process as this gives the employer an idea of what the employee is like and if he or her is suited for the job. Some business such as Marks and Spencers use a certain technique when interviewing new candidates. They would rather ask the interviewee open questions as this allows them to answer the question with longer sentences rather than yes or no answers. This gives the employer a bigger judgement ad a better feel on the employees personality. Business also try to focus on questions that involve; what? Why? When? And how? Generally speaking overall the interviewers should try to make the interviewee feel relaxed and comfortable so that the interviewee can show his or best side. An opening remark might be to ask the interviewee about his or her journey. Selection process: Recruitment and selection can be very costly process for a business. It takes a great deal of time to set up the process which includes drawing up a job description, advertising the position, sifting through applications, checking which application best meet criteria set down for the post, interviewing candidates and finally selecting the best candidate for the post. There is a considerable scope along the way for waste and inefficiency. For example, when a job advertisement attracts 100 applicants there will be a considerable waste of time and resources when reducing the list down to six. If you get your procedures wrong you may eliminate some of the best candidates right from the start and end up with six who are barely satisfactory. If you end up choosing an unsuitable candidate for the job, the company will suffer from having trouble within he organisation before walking out on the job and leaving the company o go through the expense of replacing him or her yet. Induction: Induction is the process of introducing new employees o their place of work, job, new surroundings and the people thy will be working with. Induction also provides information to help new employees start work and generally fit in. Once the successful applicant has been selected and offered the post, the human resources department needs to prepare a suitable induction programme for when the new induction programme which should include; * An awareness of the workings and objectives of a business. * An awareness of health and safety issues. * Requirements when absent, ill or late. * Introduction to management and workmates. * Identification of any immediate training needs. I Training needs: As part of the induction process, new employees may be introduced to new processors or software that they are unfamiliar with. The employer should explain each of these processes to new employees, question them about their experience with the processes or software and listen carefully to their answers to discover their level of experience. For example an employee may be familiar with the Microsoft office software but may not have had the experience with spreadsheets. If this is the requirement of the role, then careful questioning will determine the skill level of the employee and the training required to enable them to do their job. Training may be carried out formally through a course r more informally by a colleague or with training in a timely needs and implementing training timely manner is important to ensure the new employees are equipped with the skills to properly carry out their duties. Application form: Having an application form is essential. If businesss or organisations provide an application form, it means that theyre looking for someone precise. This is good for the business, because the candidates have to right specific stuff that are required, which means the business can find the right employee. Where as some businesses ask for employees CV. In my opinion this is a disadvantage to the organisation, as the candidate can write what ever they feel, most likely something that will advantage them to getting the job. So therefore the organisation wont be able to find the right candidate to do the job. Both Application and CV form provide same information: Motivation theories: Financial: Wages, salaries and bonuses: Wages- time rate: Under this scheme workers receive a set rate per hour. Any hours worked above a set number are paid at an overtime rate Salary: flat rate: This is a set rate of weekly or monthly pay, based on a set number of hours. It is easy to calculate and administer but does not provide an incentive to employees o work harder. Piece rate: This system is sometimes used in the textile and electronics industries, among others. Payment is made for each item produced that meets quality standards. The advantage of this is that it encourages effort motivates workers. However it is not suitable for jobs that require time and care. Also many jobs particularly in the service sector produce outputs are impossible to measure. Bonus: A bonus is paid as an added encouragement and motivation towards employees. It can be paid out f additional profits earned by the employer as a result of the employees effort and hard work or as an incentive to workers at times when they might be inclined to slacken effort for example at Christmas and summer holiday times. Commission: Commission is a payment made as a percentage of sales a salesperson has made. Output related schemes: Output related schemes are the most common methods used to reward manual workers most schemes involve an element of time rates plus bonus or other incentive. Standards are set in many ways, varying from casual assessment to a detailed work study, based on method study and work measurement. A standard allowable time is set in according to the stages. The workers pay is then determined according to the success of the third stage. Performance related pay: In recent year, the emphasis in a number of organisations has shifted towards performance related pay. Performance is assessed against working objectives and company goals scoring systems are then worked out to assess performance against objectives and these distinguish levels of attainment, e.g. high, medium or low. Managerial jobs are most affected by performance related pay. Based on performance appraisal techniques, such as schemes have been adopted in a wide range of occupations, including the police force, universities, insurance and banking. Evidence indicates that up to three quarters of all employees are now using some form of performance appraisal to set pay levels. One way of rewarding performance is to give increments as targets are met, with the employee progressing up an incremental ladder each year. Profit sharing: Profit sharing is an incentive tool which involves giving profit related pay to employees or giving them bonuses based on the profit performance of a business. Using this approach employees are able to see the that the success of the company will also lead to personal rewards for them. Another example similar to profit sharing is a theory called the attribution theory which is often compared to profit sharing and the non financial appraisal. Attribution theory: All business have a need to explain the world, both to themselves and to other people, attributing cause to the events around them. This gives us a greater sense of control. When explaining behaviour, it can affect the standing of people within a group (especially ourselves). When another person has erred, the business will often use internal attribution, saying it is due to internal personality factors. When they have erred, they will more likely use external attribution, attributing causes to situational factors rather than blaming ourselves. And vice versa. They will attribute our successes internally and the successes of our rivals to external luck. When a football team wins, supporters say we won. But when the team loses, the supporters say they lost. Business attributions are also significantly driven by our emotional and motivational drives. Blaming other people and avoiding personal recrimination are very real self-serving attributions. They will also make attributions to defend what they perceive as attacks. businesses will point to injustice in an unfair world. They will even tend to blame victims (of us and of others) for their fate as we seek to distance ourselves from thoughts of suffering the same plight. They will also tend to ascribe less variability to other people than ourselves, seeing themselves as more multifaceted and less predictable than others. This may well because they can see more of what is inside themselves (and spend more time doing this). In practice, we often tend to go through a two-step process, starting with an automatic internal attribution, followed by a slower consideration of whether an external attribution is more appropriate. As with Automatic Believing, if we are hurrying or are distracted, we may not get to this second step. This makes internal attribution more likely than external attribution. Share options: Employees may be encouraged to take up shares in a company, often as part of a reward scheme. When employees take up these share options they are then rewarded according to the performance of the business. When the business does well so too does the value of their shares and the dividends they receive as a return to shareholders. Dividends are typically paid twice a year. Non-Financial: Goal setting: Establishing goals for employees to work towards can be an important motivational factor as the achievement of these goals then creates a sense of achievement and personal fulfilment. Goals can be established for an individual, team or for the whole organisation and achievement may be related to promotion at work. In order to direct ourselves we set ourselves goals that are: * Clear (not vague) and understandable, so we know what to do and what not to do. * Challenging, so we will be stimulated and not be bored. * Achievable, so we are unlikely to fail. If other people set us goals without our involvement, then we are much less likely to be motivated to work hard at it than if we feel we have set or directed the goal ourselves. When we are working in the task, we need feedback so we can determine whether we are succeeding or whether we need to change direction. We find feedback (if it is sympathetically done) very encouraging and motivating. This includes feedback from ourselves. Negative self-talk is just as demotivating as negative comments from other people. Depending on the type of goal we have, we will go about achieving it differently. A directional goal is one where we are motivated to arrive at a particular conclusion. We will thus narrow our thinking, selecting beliefs, etc. that support the conclusion. The lack of deliberation also tends to make us more optimistic about achieving the goal. An accuracy goal is one where we are motivated to arrive at the most accurate possible conclusion. These occur when the cost of being inaccurate is high. Unsurprisingly, people invest more effort in achieving accuracy goals, as any deviation costs, and a large deviation may well more. Their deliberation also makes them realize that there is a real chance that they will not achieve their goal. When we have an accuracy goal we do not get to a good enough point and stop thinking about itwe continue to search for improvements. Both methods work by influencing our choice of beliefs and decision-making rules. Goal setting can be compared, in a financial sense with performance related pay as employees are rewarded in accordance with goals set by the company. Perks and status symbols: Perks and status symbols are useful motivational tools in a company. A perk is something extra that you get for doing a particular job. For example employees of a railway company may get free rail travel for them and their families. A cinema employee may get free cinema tickets. Status symbols are also important motivators. Obvious status symbols n is having a bigger office, or having a sign outside your door with your name on. People often respond very favourably to status symbols because these mark them out as being special therefore employees will be motivated to work harder in order for them to be the special person. Appraisals: Common stages of staff appraisals are as follows: 1. The line manager meets with the job-holder to discuss what is expected. The agreed expectations may be expressed in terms of targets, performance standards or required job behaviours- attributes, skills and attitudes. 2. The outcome of the meeting is recorded and usually signed by both parties. 3. The job-holder performs the job for a period of six months a year 4. At the end of the six months period the jobholder and line manager or team leader meet again to review and discuss progress made. They draw up action new action plans to deal with identified problems and agree targets and standards for the next period. Meeting training needs: Mentoring needs: Mentoring and coaching are seen by many organisations as essential ways of motivating employees so that they feel valued and cared for in their work. Mentoring involves a trainee being paired with a more experienced employee. The trainee carries out the job but uses the mentor to discuss problems that may occur and ho best to solve them. This approach is used in many lines of work. For example it is common practice for trainee teachers to work with a mentor who s responsible for their early training and development. The student teacher will match the mentor teacher before starting his or her own teaching. The mentor will then give ongoing guidance to the student teacher on how best to improve his or her performance. If the student teacher has any problems or difficulties he or she can talk to the mentor for advice. Coaching: Coaching involves providing individuals with personal coaches in the workplace. The person who is going to take on the coaching role will need to develop coaching skills and ill also need to have the time slots for the coaching to take place. The coach and the individual being. Acquired needs theory: Need are shaped over time by our experiences over time. Most of these fall into three general categories of needs: * Achievement (nAch) * Affiliation (nAff) * Power (nPow) Some businesses may have different preferences and will tend have one of these needs that affect the business more powerfully than others and thus affects our behaviors: * Achievers seek to excel and appreciate frequent recognition of how well they are doing. They will avoid low risk activities that have no chance of gain. They also will avoid high risks where there is a significant chance of failure. * Affiliation seekers look for harmonious relationships with other people. They will thus tend to conform and shy away from standing out. The seek approval rather than recognition. * Power seekers want power either to control other people (for their own goals) or to achieve higher goals (for the greater good). They seek neither recognition nor approval from others only agreement and compliance. Identifying preferences A common way of discovering our tendencies towards these is with a Thematic Apperception Test, which is a set of black-and-white pictures on cards, each showing an emotionally powerful situation. The person is presented with one card at a time and asked to make up a story about each situation. Using it Challenge achievers with stretching goals. Offer affiliation-seekers safety and approval. Beware of personal power-seekers trying to turn the tables on you or use other Machiavellian methods. Make sure you have sufficient power of your own, or show how you can help them achieve more power. Defending Understand your own tendencies. Curb the excesses and, especially if you seek affiliation, beware of those who would use this against you and for their own benefit alone. * Atrribution theoryprofit sharing (financial) and appraisal ( non financial) We all have a need to explain the world, both to ourselves and to other people, attributing cause to the events around us. This gives us a greater sense of control. When explaining behavior, it can affect the standing of people within a group (especially ourselves). When another person has erred, we will often use internal attribution, saying it is due to internal personality factors. When we have erred, we will more likely use external attribution, attributing causes to situational factors rather than blaming ourselves. And vice versa. We will attribute our successes internally and the successes of our rivals to external luck. When a football team wins, supporters say we won. But when the team loses, the supporters say they lost. Our attributions are also significantly driven by our emotional and motivational drives. Blaming other people and avoiding personal recrimination are very real self-serving attributions. We will also make attributions to defend what we perceive as attacks. We will point to injustice in an unfair world. We will even tend to blame victims (of us and of others) for their fate as we seek to distance ourselves from thoughts of suffering the same plight. We will also tend to ascribe less variability to other people than ourselves, seeing ourselves as more multifaceted and less predictable than others. This may well because we can see more of what is inside ourselves (and spend more time doing this). In practice, we often tend to go through a two-step process, starting with an automatic internal attribution, followed by a slower consideration of whether an external attribution is more appropriate. As with Automatic Believing, if we are hurrying or are distracted, we may not get to this second step. This makes internal attribution more likely than external attribution. Sex discrimination act 1975 Sex Discrimination Act 1975 The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 applies to men, women and gender reassignees and states that it is unlawful for an employer to discriminate or fail to prevent discrimination against a worker because of his or her gender, marital or gender reassignment status The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 states that there are two types of sex discrimination: Direct discrimination This occurs where a worker has been treated less favourably than another in similar relevant circumstances on the grounds of his or her gender, and the treatment has resulted in dismissal, denial of opportunities within or for employment or training, or any other detriment. Indirect discrimination This occurs where a provision, criterion or practice is applied equally to both male and female workers and three conditions are jointly fulfilled: * The proportion of one gender who can comply is, in practice, considerably smaller than the other; * A worker suffers a detriment as a result; * The employer cannot show the condition or requirement to be objectively justifiable. For example, indirect sexual discrimination could occur if an employer applied a redundancy policy by selecting only part-time workers. This is because such action would discriminate disproportionately against women, as over 80% of part-time workers in the United Kingdom are women. Race relation act 1976 The race relations act 1976 makes discrimination on racial grounds unlawful in employment, training education and the provision of goods, facilities and services. The act defines two main types of discrimination: direct discrimination and indirect discrimination. Direct discrimination Direct discrimination occurs when someone Is treated less favourably on racial grounds. Racial grounds do not only include grounds of race but also those of colour, nationality, citizenship and ethnic or national origin. For example a dress manufacturing company advertises in the local newspaper for a Turkish machinist, Indirect discrimination: Indirect discrimination occurs when rules, requirements, or conditions that appear to be fair because they apply equally to everyone- can be shown to put people from a particular racial group a much greater disadvantage than others and the rules cannot be objectively justified. A racial groups may be defined by race, colour, nationality and ethnic or national origin. For example an advertisement asks for ability to speak Bengali. This requirement discriminates indirectly against people who do not speak Bengali and will be unlawful unless it can be justified by the nature of the job For example it would be unjustified to ask for Bengali speaker if the job involves working with people who can communicate well only in Bengali. Another example of an indirect discrimination is an advertisement invites applicants who speak English as their mother tongue. This requirement too, discriminates indirectly against people who speak English fluently, but not as their mother tongue. This kind of requirement will rarely be justified. If an especially high standard of English is needed for a particular job it would be better to ask for just that a very high standard of written and spoken English or alternatively, fluent English Example: the race relations act does not cover discrimination indirectly on religious grounds, but advertisements inviting Muslim or Christian applicants may discriminate indirectly against some racial groups, and the requirements must be justified by the nature of the job. A religious requirement may be justified for jobs connected with a church, temple, mosque etc and possibly religious organisations.