C-Section free essay sample

The Ethics of Refusing a Caesarean Section April 2004 e -Cases in Ethics * In January of 2004, Melissa Ann Rowland—a young woman with a long history of mental illness—refused to undergo a Caesarean section that doctors said was necessary to protect the lives of her unborn twins. Doctors told her that low amniotic fluid and poor growth placed the twins in danger, but she refused the surgery until too late, reportedly on cosmetic grounds—she is alleged not to have wanted the resulting vertical scar. * In 1987, Angela Carter, who was dying of cancer, also refused a C-section. She sought to remain pregnant until the 28th week of pregnancy, the point at which doctors had once told her her baby would have the best chance to survive. At 26 weeks, however, physicians felt that the child had a 50% chance of surviving outside Angela’s dying body, and virtually none if the surgery was not performed. We will write a custom essay sample on C-Section or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Angela’s condition had deteriorated to the point that her understanding of the implications of refusing the surgery was unclear, but she seemed to refuse the operation. Her distraught husband and mother would not consent to the surgery. It is hard to imagine anyone reading either of these stories and not having a strong reaction. Reactions are radically different, however, depending on the ethical principles on which they are grounded. For example, there are those whose arguments stem from the belief that there is an ethical duty, rooted in beneficence, to save innocent human life—even if unborn, and especially when as close to term as the ones discussed here. On the other hand, there are those whose arguments are grounded in the belief that the paramount ethical duty in these cases is to respect the autonomy of the mother. They echo Supreme Court Justice Benjamin Cardoza, who established in 1912 that â€Å"Every human being of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with his own body. † To force a woman to undergo surgery against her will violates the critical ethical requirement for informed consent. When balancing ethical questions regarding the protection of human life against respect for personal autonomy, it is obvious that cases involving pregnant women present uniquely thorny challenges. Is a pregnant woman a person who carries within her body a human with fewer rights than she, or is she carrying a person with the same rights and human dignity that she herself possesses? Even for those who believe—as the Catholic Church clearly and unequivocally teaches—that an unborn child is from the moment of conception a person with all the human dignity of one who has been born, the answers are not simply â€Å"either/or† matters. That is, we cannot settle for respecting either the rights of the mother or those of the fetus; the rights of both must be both honored and carefully balanced. There are many questions that deserve critical consideration regarding the extent to which society can intervene to keep an unborn child from harm’s way. Should we (or could we), for example, physically confine all mothers who smoke, use drugs, or consume alcohol? What about busy expectant mothers who disregard doctor’s orders to rest? More pressing, and more relevant to health care, are questions that ask the extent to which a pregnant woman might be obliged to put herself at risk by consenting to fetal surgery. These issues hover in the background throughout the discussion here of cases in which C-sections are believed necessary to save a viable fetus from what is believed to be certain death. In Angela’s case, medical professionals believed such surgery to be the only real hope of survival for her child, despite the fact that surgery would probably hasten the end of Angela’s own exceedingly tenuous grasp on life. In Melissa’s case, doctors also argued that a C-section was required for the sake of her unborn twins, while accepting that it placed Melissa herself at minimally greater risk than would a vaginal delivery. When the court- ordered surgery was performed on Angela, the infant lived for only two hours, and Angela herself died two days later. When Melissa finally agreed to surgery, weeks after it was first encouraged, one of the twins was stillborn. (A factor in Melissa’s case that cannot be ignored is the lack of timely action on the part of the medical profession, when her mental illness was clearly apparent. Why did they not intervene, when they clearly believed the lives of both twins to be in jeopardy? The central ethical questions in these two cases, from the perspectives of the two sides of this controversy, are whether a mother’s autonomy rights can be trampled by cutting open her body against her will, versus whether a mother has the right to allow her child to die within her when the child’s rescue is easily attainable. Both sides ask if and when the State should be involved in such cases. Nevertheless, such intervention is often sought, with inconsistent resu lts. In Angela’s case, for example, a judge ordered the C-section, but an appellate court later decided that the refusal of Angela and her surrogates should have ended the discussion. Melissa, on the other hand, has been arrested and charged with criminal homicide for allowing her son to die; she later pleaded guilty to two counts of third-degree felony child endangerment. A number of ethical theories have been developed over the centuries to offer guidance on the issue of intervention by higher authority. One of these is the Just War Theory, which seeks to establish when war can ethically be entered into, despite the harms that may be involved. Perhaps that theory can be used to consider the cases discussed here, by reframing some of its considerations. First, for example, we can ask in these and similar cases if there is sufficient reason for the intervention of higher authority. In other words, is it conclusive that mother, family, physicians, and hospital are unable to reach an agreement before the State is involved? Second, are they confronted with a situation in which a C-section has become, or is expected to become, the last and only resort to save human life? Third, does a real threat to human life already exist, as in these cases, and opposed to circumstances when there is only possible or potential risk? Fourth, does surgery offer a reasonable chance of saving human life? Fifth, is the good to be gained—saving the life of the unborn child—equal to or greater than the harms involved, i. e. , violating the mother’s personal autonomy and cutting into her body against her will, thus putting her life at some risk? Finally, is the possible harm to the mother only risked in order to achieve the greater good of saving the life of the unborn child? These cases may seem isolated and unusual incidents, but they are, in reality, quite relevant, especially in view of the advances being made in fetal surgery. What is the answer to the question of whether a mother can ethically refuse such surgery when it is clearly felt to be in the best interest of her child—or is perhaps even the child’s only chance at life? The cases of Melissa and Angela thus have significant ethical importance not only in and of themselves, but in regard to a greater debate as well.

Laura Martin Real Options and Cable Industry free essay sample

Advanced Corporate Finance and Modeling – FINA0065-1 Assignment #1 – Laura Martin: Real Options and the Cable Industry 1. Consider the multiples analysis developed in Exhibits 2,5 6 Please describe the method of ‘Multiples’ using case numbers and answer to the following questions: 1. 1. What assumptions does this analysis rely upon? 1. 2. How is Martin’s regression analysis different from/similar to traditional multiples analysis? 1. 3. Do you agree with her interpretation of the regression analysis? 2. Consider the DCF analysis presented in Exhibit 7 Please describe the method of â€Å"Discounted Cash Flows† using case numbers and answer to the following questions: 2. 1. How reasonable are Martin’s forecasts for EBITDA and her assumptions about the asset intensity of the business? 2. 2. How plausible is Martin’s terminal value multiple? 2. 3. What are the tradeoffs in using multiples versus the DCF analysis? 3. Real options Please describe the method of â€Å"Real options† using case numbers and answer to the following questions: 3. 1. What is the analogy Martin is trying to draw with options? What is the â€Å"stealth tier†? What is the unit of analysis? In what way is the stealth tier like a call option? What is the underlying asset price? Strike price? Volatility? 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Laura Martin Real Options and Cable Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Why is Martin pushing real options valuation as an alternative to DCF analysis? In what ways might the â€Å"stealth† tier be incorporated into the DCF analysis and multiples analysis? 3. 3. How good an analogy is the â€Å"stealth tier† to a real option? Where does the analogy work? Where doesn’t it work? 4. The role of equity analysts in Capital Markets Please describe the role of equity analysts in Capital Markets.

Paper Topics: Spanish American War Studies

Paper Topics: Spanish American War StudiesPaper Topics: Spanish American War Topics with International Relations and Military Issues is often one of the most difficult aspects of any American War Paper topic. Paper Topics: Spanish American War Topics with International Relations and Military Issues is often one of the most difficult aspects of any American War Paper topic.Paper Topics: Spanish American War Studies is used to help you create new papers or take a look at a paper that needs some review. If you want to know about the history and effects of the Spanish American War, this is where you want to start. American War Studies is a great introductory level course for students interested in future coursework in U.S. history, especially since you can use the classwork from any college, University, or University System.Military issues with international relations are an important part of any paper topic, because it teaches you how to deal with conflicting or antagonistic internation al relations issues. A major problem with any war research paper is that the conflict might not be sufficiently outlined.'It's easy to be wrong' seems to be the simplest explanation for the failure of just about everyone in any field to get it right on a simple explanation. That being said, many in the military have proven to be quite accurate at distinguishing between the good and the bad, the right and the wrong, and the best possible approach. One thing all soldiers know is that they are fighting for something much bigger than themselves, for others, and for their country.One problem of peace-oriented societies is that when they come to war they expect to win. In reality they might be lost and will do anything short of full-scale civil war to avoid going to war. Many if not most of the wars between nations are fought for different reasons.Some of them are based on human nature, some are based on race, ethnicity, nationality, religion and culture. This is especially true in the po st-Napoleonic period, which is arguably the worst period of internal warfare. Historically speaking, the ancient Romans were no angels, though they were brave warriors in what we call 'the good guys versus the bad guys' situation.Paper Topics: Spanish American War Studies will help you remember that the Spanish American War was not a one time event. It is a long, drawn-out conflict that has gone on for most of our country's history.The United States has not fought a major war since the Civil War, but they still fight big wars all the time, including many of the same old battles over the importance of the National Anthem, the use of the flag, the war on drugs, the freedom of speech, and other ridiculous matters. This is not a good thing, and you should be fighting for whatever causes you want to, regardless of what happens. We had the Civil War, so we must fight.

How to Write an Independent Essay?

How to Write an Independent Essay?TAET is an online writing course that can help you develop the skills needed to compose a thesis, essay, report, or report proposal, and get it read by admissions officers at top universities and research institutions. It was created by Karen Coleman, who used it in her undergraduate studies at Princeton University, and has continued to use it in graduate courses she teaches. What I learned about TAET from the website is this:The first thing that you should do when starting an independent essay is read the instructions to the end, a lot of time is wasted during the practice exercises. You will need to read the directions and practice sections so often that you will become familiar with the writing guidelines and to keep track of the progress you make through the practice sections. Also, take all the hints and help with the practice exercises that are provided in order to clarify your questions and doubts. This will help you learn the principles of th e whole course of writing as well as help you improve the way you approach the material.The second thing that you should know about writing an essay is that you have to start with a topic. The main idea that you want to pursue, the thesis statement, will give you a starting point for writing. Then you should write a detailed description of the topic, based on the structure and format of the paper. When writing a thesis statement, you should avoid using the passive voice, since this is the way this kind of writing is done in other contexts.Your next step will be to identify the main points of your paper, and then you should write a summary of your arguments. Finally, you should go back to your topic statement and then describe the main points again. Finally, you should discuss how your conclusion is related to your thesis statement.In order to write an essay that can be read, you should look at the examples for a sample essay. This will help you write an objective and will provide an example of the style of writing that you should apply to your own project. You should take notes on these examples, as they provide excellent examples of the style of writing.The third thing that you should do when writing an essay is to add paragraphs to your body. If you feel that your writing style is too informal, then you can write your first paragraph with some more formal language. Next, you should continue adding paragraphs after the first paragraph. When adding paragraphs, you should look at the examples for a sample essay and practice writing it in order to get a feel for what will be expected of you.Lastly, you should make sure that you revise your project several times before submitting it. One way to do this is to make sure that your paragraph structure is consistent with the title. Secondly, you should make sure that you incorporate your examples into your body, and have them neatly lined up. Also, if your paper is long, it is wise to add a preface explaining that you are adding some explanatory details and facts at the end.TAET is a great writing program for writing an independent essay and one that is easy to understand. You should learn how to follow the procedures that are provided in order to write an objective and improve your skills on how to write an independent essay as well.

A Writing Technique That Doesnt Fall Apart After One Last Attempt

A Writing Technique That Doesn't Fall Apart After One Last AttemptIf you have a very interesting and original history topic, but don't feel qualified to write about it, an online History Topic Research Paper could prove to be a fantastic way to create your own unique perspective. An online topic is never the same as in your textbooks or lecture notes. If your students don't learn anything new from the textbook or course notes, they won't remember what they learned. If they don't remember it, you've wasted time and resources.In order to make your students remember your previous work, you need to provide them with fresh material. With that in mind, it is helpful if you can come up with a history topic research paper that is original. Just because you're writing about something you did or saw, it doesn't mean that you have to follow the exact same format as you did in class. Create a paper that is fun and can be used in a classroom setting.When creating a topic research paper, you will want to make sure that you spend plenty of time on this part of the paper. Most courses will show a couple of different research methods, so check out that list and create an outline for yourself. One of the first things you should do is write out a rough outline of the history paper. If your topic is a famous battle, you may need to go back and find the sources for the information, and make sure to include those quotes as well. You'll want to go through the process several times, looking at everything from the study guides and textbooks, through to the many historical documentaries available online.The next part of the outline that is crucial is the information on your sources. Make sure that each source is documented properly and relevant to the history topic. For example, if you write about Napoleon Bonaparte's voyage around the world, find out how to find his diary, his correspondence and letters, and his archives. You'll want to make sure that all the information is clear and c oncise.Your history topics research paper should also include some commentary. Discuss what your sources tell you and why you believe it. It's not enough to just know about someone; you need to consider the context in which they were lived. Even if you don't think that the source was accurate in any of the details, you should still be able to explain the facts accurately in the way that makes sense to your audience.The most important part of a research paper is the conclusion. If you can't come up with a decent conclusion, you shouldn't submit it. There are plenty of good reasons for not including a conclusion, but it will definitely come across as haphazard. Instead, present a persuasive argument, and let your readers decide whether or not they agree with you.By writing an online history topic research paper, you can take the pressure off of yourself as well as your students. Instead of letting your textbooks and course notes dictate your writing style, use the Internet to take con trol of your own writing. Find out more about creating an original research paper for your class and start writing.

Where the Red Fern Grows Quotes

'Where the Red Fern Grows' Quotes Where the Red Fern Grows is a famous work by Wilson Rawls. The novel is a coming of age story. It follows the protagonist Billy as he saves up for and trains two coonhounds. They have many adventures while hunting in the Ozarks. The book is however probably best known for its tragic ending. Quotes from the Novel Its strange indeed how memories can lie dormant in a mans mind for so many years. Yet those memories can be awakened and brought forth fresh and new, just by something youve seen, or something youve heard, or the sight of an old familiar face.- Wilson Rawls, Where the Red Fern Grows, Ch. 1 Lying back in the soft hay, I folded my hands behind my head, closed my eyes, and let my mind wander back over the two long years. I thought of the fishermen, the blackberry patches, and the huckleberry hills. I thought of the prayer I had said when I asked God to help me get two hound pups. I knew He had surely helped, for He had given me the heart, courage, and determination.- Wilson Rawls, Where the Red Fern Grows, Ch. 3 I wanted so much to step over and pick them up. Several times I tried to move my feet, but they seemed to be nailed to the floor. I knew the pups were mine, all mine, yet I couldnt move. My heart started aching like a drunk grasshopper. I tried to swallow and couldnt. My Adams apple wouldnt work. One pup started my way. I held my breath. On he came until I felt a scratchy little foot on mine. The other pup followed. A warm puppy tongue caressed my sore foot. I heard the station master say, They already know you. I knelt down and gathered them in my arms. I buried my face between their wiggling bodies and cried.- Wilson Rawls, Where the Red Fern Grows, Ch. 5 I had a time with this part of their training, but my persistence had no bounds.- Wilson Rawls, Where the Red Fern Grows, Ch. 7 Although they couldnt talk in my terms, they had a language of their own that was easy to understand. Sometimes I would see the answer in their eyes, and again it would be in the friendly wagging of their tails. Other times I could hear the answer in a low whine or feel it in the soft caress of a warm flicking tongue. In some way, they would always answer.- Wilson Rawls, Where the Red Fern Grows, Ch. 7 I thought about that, Papa, I said, but I made a bargain with my dogs. I told them that if they would put one in a tree, Id do the rest. Well, they fulfilled their part of the bargain. Now its up to me to do my part, and Im going to, Papa. Im going to cut it down. I dont care if it takes me a year.- Wilson Rawls, Where the Red Fern Grows, Ch. 8 I always took their kidding with a smile on my face, but it made my blood boil like the water in Mamas teakettle.- Wilson Rawls, Where the Red Fern Grows, Ch. 10 I opened my mouth to call Old Dan. I wanted to tell him to come on and wed go home as there was nothing we could do. The words just wouldnt come out. I couldnt utter a sound.- Wilson Rawls, Where the Red Fern Grows, Ch. 11 I told them I wasnt giving up until my dogs did.- Wilson Rawls, Where the Red Fern Grows, Ch. 12 As I sat there on the limb, looking at the old fellow, he cried again. Something came over me. I didnt want to kill him. I hollered down and told Rubin I didnt want to kill the ghost coon. He hollered back, Are you crazy? I told him I wasnt crazy. I just didnt want to kill him. I climbed down. Rubin was mad. He said, Whats the matter with you? Nothing, I told him. I just dont have the heart to kill the coon.- Wilson Rawls, Where the Red Fern Grows, Ch. 13 As I skipped along, it was hard for me to realize all the wonderful things that had happened to me in such a few short years. I had two of the finest little hounds that ever bawled on the trail of a ringtail coon. I had a wonderful mother and father and three little sisters. I had the best grandpa a boy ever had, and to top it all, I was going on a championship coon hunt. It was no wonder that my heart was bursting with happiness. Wasnt I the luckiest boy in the world?- Wilson Rawls, Where the Red Fern Grows, Ch. 14 As graceful as any queen, with her head high in the air, and her long red tail arched in a perfect rainbow, my little dog walked down the table. With her warm gray eyes staring straight at me, on she came. Walking up to me, she laid her head on my shoulder. As I put my arms around her, the crowd exploded.- Wilson Rawls, Where the Red Fern Grows, Ch. 15 Regardless of all the discouraging talk, the love and belief I had in my little red hounds never faltered. I could see them now and then, leaping over old logs, tearing through the underbrush, sniffing and searching for the lost trail. My heart swelled with pride. I whooped, urging them on.- Wilson Rawls, Where the Red Fern Grows, Ch. 16 Ive been out in storms like this before, all by myself. Ive never left my dogs in the woods, and Im not going to now, even if I have to look for them myself.- Wilson Rawls, Where the Red Fern Grows, Ch. 17 Men, said Mr. Kyle, people have been trying to understand dogs ever since the beginning of time. One never knows what theyll do. You can read every day where a dog saved the life of a drowning child, or lay down his life for his master. Some people call this loyalty. I dont. I may be wrong, but I call it lovethe deepest kind of love.- Wilson Rawls, Where the Red Fern Grows, Ch. 18 I knelt down and put my arms around them. I knew that if it hadnt been for their loyalty and unselfish courage I would have probably been killed by the slashing claws of the devil cat. I dont know how Ill ever pay you back for what youve done, I said, but Ill never forget it.- Wilson Rawls, Where the Red Fern Grows, Ch. 19 Im sure the red fern has grown and has completely covered the two little mounds. I know it is still there, hiding its secret beneath those long, red leaves, but it wouldnt be hidden from me for part of my life is buried there too. Yes, I know it is still there, for in my heart I believe the legend of the sacred red fern.- Wilson Rawls, Where the Red Fern Grows, Ch. 20

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS - Essay Example Environmental components Environment cycle is another component and refers to a natural process that makes it possible for particular elements to be continuously cycled within the environmental compartments such s the soil, air and water. By the help of various environmental cycles it becomes possible for balance to be provided and enhanced to the environment as a whole. Environment cycles exist in a perfect state of unbalance and it’s only through interference by various elements that a state of instability becomes present thus leading to an endangering of both abiotic and biotic components within its existence (Elizabeth, 2012). A cycle in the environment basically refers to an act of transfer of a particular atom that follows another in a cycle and in the process waste products is eliminated thus leading to environmental stability. There are various environmental cycles that are present in the environment that include: carbon cycle –with carbon being the fourth most abundant element of the gaseous package of the environment. Carbon cycles take place through the ocean, land, atmosphere and the earth’s interior. ... Through decomposition of biological wastes by the involvement of microbes it also becomes possible for nitrogen to be released into the atmosphere. Human activity mainly involves the use of nitrogen as fertilizers (Gardner, 2011). Phosphorous cycle refers to the uptake of phosphorous by organisms. Rocks through the weathering process are that main producers of phosphorous in the environment and is mainly used by humans as fertilizers for their farm lands. Additionally water cycle simply refers to a process that makes it possible for water to be transferred from the atmosphere through condensation and its movement to the earth through precipitation after which it’s transferred to the normal atmosphere using basically the process of evaporation. In the first part of the report I will look at a more detailed understanding of the water cycle and focus on how human activities impact the process of water cycle in the environment (Elizabeth, 2010). Methodology The research will answe r the question of how the environmental process of the water cycle is impacted by various human activities. My research will involve the use of secondary data sources which will be through a review of literature on this topic from books, peer reviewed sources and electronic sources. Discussion Understanding the water cycle The water cycle is also commonly referred to as the hydrologic cycle to describe the transitional stages and processes that relate to the movement of water in the environment. Generally the global water cycle can be understood through a deeper review of nine major processes that form a basis for its movement. As a cycle, the water cycle has no start or conclusion and is basically referred to as an infinite continuous process. Water cycle takes into