Sound and Purely Physiological Activity Essay Example for Free

Sound and Purely Physiological Activity EssayHow do hearing and listening differ? Hearing differs from listening in that hearing is a purely physiological activity, while listening also involves the psychological processing of sounds. When we hear what is being said, those haggle are transferred from our ears to our brain and and so we often nod in agreement or disagreement or do nothing at all. Hearing is passive, only involves our ears and involves little to no passion. We exclusively take in what has been said and then go on from there. In addition, hearing is often emotionless, involuntary and shows little feeling for another.Basically, hearing is the way we generalise the meaning of sound, the vibrations that come from it. Hearing is also having the ability to perceive and interpret sound. It is a special kind of sensation that delivers to us, what is being said, no matter where or who is giving off the sound. To clarify, hearing is a bodily element of listening and ha ppens when sounds waves approach our ears at a certain loudness and frequency. Listening is the absorption of the meanings of words and sentences by the brain. Listening leads to the understanding of facts and ideas.But listening takes attention, or sticking to the task at hand in spite of distractions. It requires concentration, which is the focusing of your thoughts upon one bad-tempered problem. A person who incorporates listening with concentration is actively listening. 3/ What are three major elements that complicate listening? Give customer service colligate examples of each. The three elements that complicate listening the internal elements within the listeners mind, environmental elements surrounding the communication, interactional elements that arise especially from listener self-centeredness and self-protection.

Social Capital and how it Influences Migration Essay Example for Free

mixer Capital and how it Influences Migration EssaySeveral scholars have given varying definitions of the term affectionate seat of g all everywherenment. neighborly majuscule is a term used to refer to features of social organization such as networks, norms and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit (Putman 67). Fukuyama, some other scholar, refers to it as an instantiated norm that is informal in nature and promotes cooperation among the members (1). Among the various definitions suggested by different scholars, the key notion they all agree to is that social capital burn wholly be present within relationships (Fukuyama 1). In these relationships, co-operation is facilitated by destinyd norms and understanding among the individuals involved for mutual benefit. Unlike human capital that is attributed to an individual, the whole thought of social capital involves social connectedness, neighborliness, civic involvement, trust, reci procity and norms of co-operation.Researchers have been able to prove individuals with high levels of social capital tend to have higher educational achievements, better health, better jobs and less criminal activities. Social capital is a offspring of co-operation among individuals who sh be a similar status within the situation, have special K objectives and are guided by particular customs. Certain aspects of the social structure facilitate social capital, aspects such as common historical backgrounds and shared religion. restate community interactions lead to the rising of numerous co-operative norms that set the basis for spontaneous generation of social capital. The shared norms and beliefs that persons ought to or ought not to act in a certain way determine the extent to which individuals interacts, for example vacating a seat for an expectant woman on the bus. From time to time, people experience social need that they have to conform to. Socially, an individual is helpl ess if left all by himself and must interact with other in order to generate social capital to satisfy his needs. Human needs that are non-social in nature and dope be satisfied without assistance from other individuals are very few making the blessedness of both social and non-social products of a single process.Fukuyama asserts that shared historical experience can shape informal norms and produce social capital (16). Individuals with similar historic backgrounds tend to share a set of norms that in turn lead to co-operation amongst themselves. Religion is a significant contributor to the larger social capital system by setting some common grounds for co-ordination among its followers. Over the years, religious institutions have been governed by a set of regulations that its members have to adhere to giving prove to certain norms among the community of members. Sometimes social capital is generated for specific purposes Individuals may create social networks that will enable h im/her achieve a specific objective. reciprocity norms results in the generation of social capital as it creates in an individual the need and willingness to help others. The desire for better living has also facilitated the generation of social capital where Individuals can acquire and accumulate other forms of capital through social capital. Both formal and informal networks form the basis of social capital concept. Alberto Douglas confirm that there has been the emergence of social structures based on kinship or friendship. Those related socially to migrants current migrants or former migrants can adit social capital significantly increasing their likelihood of migration (Alberto, Douglas, et al1272). The hypothesis has been time and again invoked to give an insight to the concentration of particular types of migrants in certain areas and the order of their migration. Migration is facilitated by Migrant Networks interpersonal connections that think migrants, non-migrants, and former migrants to one another through shared community origin. (Alberto, Douglas, et al., 1262). These set of networks are as a result of the already generated social capital. International migration is further fueled by core families already settled in which out-migrants cohere and the established social institutions campaigning in favor of migration. This kind of a connection increase the chances of International migration since the cost and risk involved in the movement is substantially lowered. Chances of out-migration increase distributively time a relation relocates to a different location. Over time migrant networks become self-sustaining as a result of the social capital that they provide to prospective migrants (Alberto, Douglas, et al., 1286). This fact is commonly observed among siblings where the younger siblings are more likely to follow suit after the elder ones.The migrant families over time establish themselves first by building social networks among themselves an d then with the rest of the local population as they accumulate experiences. The migrant grows to the point where it can sustain itself and continues to admit more migrants into its social relationship. This kind of setup is a social tie the makes it simple for the out-migrants to settle in as it provides a link between sending and receiving communities. finished social network with relatives or friends, the migrants can secure housing, jobs or even financial assistance. Complementary social roles and interpersonal relationships hold by an informal set of expectations and prescribed behavior keep in bondage both migrants and non-migrants through social capital. This kind of social capital generates over time by virtue of being in a similar region under similar circumstances and not by the migratory process. Through such social ties, those left behind by the migrants can mitigate the loneliness of having a loved one away from them. The migrants also draw upon these ties to share th e often, not so favorable conditions of life in exile.The types of social capital people generate while relating to each other are very four-dimensional in nature. Different network structures present a different social capital, the goal to be achieved being the determining factor. Social capital can be specific in nature when it is generated specifically to satisfy a given situation, i.e. some kinds of ties are more important for the attainment of particular goals. This network is only instrumental in the achievement of the task. For example, sales managers sitting to strategize on the means to boost the sales of a new product through promotions. Close ties are often than not general social capital and are in most cases informal promoting the well-being of the individual members. Example, offering advice, spiritual support et. Cetera.ReferencesAlberto Palloni, Douglas S. Massey, Michael Spittel, Kristin Espinosa, Miguel Ceballos and Michael Spittel. Social Capital and Internationa l Migration.American ledger of Sociology. 106. 5 (2001) 1262-1298. PrinDouglas Massey, Rafael Alarcon, Jorge Durand, Humberto Gonzales. Return to Aztlan The social Process of International Migration from Western Mexico. Berkeley University of California press, 1987. Print.Francis Fukuyama. Social Capital and CivilSociety. conclave on Second Generation. (1999) web 15 Nov. 2008. www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/seminar/1999/reforms/fukuyama.htmPettigrew, T. F. Annual Review of Psychology Intergroup contact theory. 49.2 (1998)65-85. Print.Putnam, R. Americas declining social capital Journal of Democracy Bowling Alone.6.1 (1995) 65-78. Print.Source document

Differences Between Documentary and Fiction Film

Differences Between Documentary and Fiction FilmGener totallyy speaking thither is a clear specialisation mingled with documentaries and manufacturing haves and a viewer should be able to tell whether what he is watching is fiction or objective. The cle atomic number 18st characteristic between the two is their relationship with the reality a fiction hold presents a story that is non based on reality, or at to the lowest degree not in the function it is represent a infotainment, however, tells something about the reality of our world shows us the real world (Bakker, 2002). But what reality are we talk of the town about?There are some(prenominal) illustrations where it is difficult to crawfish tone between fact and fiction. Even the experts fail to make this distinction sometimes as passel be seen by the case of The Sea that Thinks which won the Joris Ivens award at the International Documentary Film festival Amsterdam, and was within a twelvemonth in the competitio n for fiction films of the Dutch Film Festival (Bakker, 2002).Conceptually there is a significant difference between documentaries and fiction films. Traditionally, documentaries are mainly short films and are based on facts while fiction films are not (or are at least not claimed to be) based on facts. This hidebound view of documentaries has changed slightly in recent years with directors such(prenominal) as Michael Moore providing documentaries which are heavily edited and hence not entirely based on facts.This paper reviews the key differences between documentaries and fiction films. These differences are then employ to discuss the key differences in documentary making and fiction filmmaking. Beginning with delimitate the key terms, this paper explores the key differences between the documentary and fiction filmmaking form a traditional/conceptual point of view. Following this, it uses evidence from real spiritedness cases of documentary and fiction film producers to asses s the functional difference between the two. It investigates distinction between the two by comparing structural attributes and viewers interpretations and concludes that it is the latter which determines whether a film is fiction or documentary.Documentaries vs. fiction filmmakingThere are many definitions of the term documentary, and in my opinion, no unrivalled that could certainly define the term documentary as a whole. We can say that it would be up to the documentary maker and how he would define his or her particular style of documentary.John Grierson one of the founding of documentary approaches confirmed that documentary was distinguished from other shapes of films with reality desire to bring the citizens eye in from the ends of the earth to the story, his own story, of what was happening under(a) his noseFrom Nicholss perspectives is a representation we already occupy and stands for a particular view of the world, one we may never have encountered before even if the asp ects that is represented are familiar to us(Nichols, 2001)All these definitions may bid a different definition of the term but all these definitions indicate that documentaries are based on facts. Thus, documentaries by definition must be non-fiction. Commentary and opinions are allowed, but misrepresentation is not (Layton, 2010). But in last couple of decades, with the success of filmmakers such as Michael Moore, there have been certain changes in the documentary making. Firstly, some documentary filmmakers now aim for commercial success when they create a film and second, in a development related to the first issue, some documentary films are in fact fictionalized to some extent through misrepresentation and excision (Layton, 2010). Again Moore can be the top hat example of this change in documentary making. His movies such as Bowling for columbine and Fahrenheit 9/11 have several clips which have been manipulated/edited in a manner to provide a meaning different form the actu al meaning of the speaker. Moores lap go out still be categorized as documentary because his clips are still from facts but the representation is manipulated to give a different meaning- sometimes in all out of context. Thus, Moores work is a mix of a fact and fiction but still categorized as documentary.A new debate a surfaced in the same context in recent years. While the puritans have described the making of docudramas as corruption of the documentary genre, there are several other experts who suggest that the act of recording the truth on film is fictionalizing in and of itself (Layton, 2010). According to the latter, when a documentary maker captures anything from a certain angle, he/she is actually using his/her own bias. When it get laids to putting together the filmed content, the filmmaker faces a critical choice of what to keep and what to leave out. In such situations the filmmaker is likely to put together content so as to make something meaningful out of it. But the critics argue that because part of filmed content is left out which means that the documentary cannot be a complete representation of the truth and hence is fictions itself. But according to my view, this cannot termed a fiction. We must note the distinction between the filmmakers who filter out the content due to constraints but still try to provide as accurate as possible view of the case and then there are filmmakers who deliberately edit the content so as to mislead the audience. While the former is a documentary in all respects, there can be a debate over whether the latter can be categorized as a documentary.Bakker (2002) provides an interesting analysis of the distinction between documentary and fiction filmmaking. He suggests three key points First the clearness of the audio and visual information. Second one side of the relation between the information and reality. Third spectator play vital role by impose the pictures by them.From a structural perspectives the documentar y is dawdling rapidity change while, the fiction films are depend strongly on editing with fast rate editing. The shot in the documentary is a close up and extremely close up shots whereas fiction films rely on wide shots. The numerous moving camera, weighed down formed in the studio and theatrical music in the fiction films but the contrary in documentary films like location sounds and infrequently roving cameras (Etizen, 1995 Huston and Wright, 1983) also, Nichols and Kochberg said that the documentary could distinguished by the voice-of-god commentary, interviews, scene sound recording and the absolute dependence on social actors(Kochberg, 2002) which is support the documentary tremendously in the documentary filmmaking process, one of the characteristics of this type of filmmaking. However, Renov argues that narration and musical backup could be included in the documentary films (Renov ,1993a). By another words a film is constructed of several attributes including sound, ima ges, dialogues and written texts. Documentary and fiction film, both are audio visual media and contain all these attributes. The difference, however lies in the manner in which these are communicated to the viewer. This is a unique language which can convey perpetual number meaning to the viewer. This language was termed as passe-partout by Hjelmslev (1968). The grammar of this language is related to viewers understanding and is not formalised. This means that a movie can be made in any manner possible without conflicting the established practices. However the more distant a film is from the mainstream, the less it will correspond to the industrys dogmas and conventions of filmmaking.Another characteristic in the difference is the actors for the fiction films the actors do what they asked to do. The process of the filmmaking is defined by their performance in the acting by reincarnate the required role. The actors do their responsibilities on base of the contracted relationship, as a result the filmmaker has the validity to object on the performance of the actors and the actors will be p fixd on the good performance and his performance will determine the actors value. On the other hand, the documentary looks to the the great unwashed as social actors, ordinary people they transmit and carrying on their social daily life without any affectedness or artificiality they dont have a contract to behave in a certain manner, the people or the actors present their daily handling and their pure personality. Baddeley supported Nicholss words that people should be encouraged to perform naturally and do not commingle the artificiality in their behavior and they act autonomously, However he mentioned that in many occasions the professional actors must be involved to organize the naturally air of the people (Baddeley, 1981).Nichols (1991) has categorised the documentaries itself in four different categories with each one containing its own sub genreExpositoryThis style of documentary is basically a series of visual images complete with narration. It is a very traditional form of documentary with the narrator giving the viewer a series of facts and figures that accompany the visuals and is usually associated with wildlife or historical programmes for example.ObservationalThis style of documentary is also known as cinema verit or fly on the wall. Its aim is to film events, on camera, as they happen. To film people and places and to represent the everyday life of the people, as if the camera wasnt there at all. The viewers are usually left to draw their own conclusions about what is happening. The filmmakers do not intervene in any way and it is meant to represent the facts and record people and events in real time.InteractiveThe synergetic style of documentary covers the facts and figures but allows the presenter to interact with the people within the documentary. This particular style could contain a series of interviews or demonstrations and co uld also come across as being quite bias, in that certain parts of the documentary can be edited to influence the viewers reaction or thoughts on the matter in question.Reflective or ReflexiveThis style of documentary basically shows the viewer everything. The filmmakers themselves are usually seen on camera attempting to raise the consciousness of the audience themselves. It gives the impression that the people making the documentary are able to construct reality itself.Citizen Kane (1941), by Orson Welles is a commentary form of fiction film, while the Salesman, by the Maysles brothers is a form of Observational fiction film. Similarly, Cest arrive prs de chez vous (1992) by Remy Belvaux is an example of interactive fiction film. At the same time Bakker (2002) agrees that interactive mode is least commonly used in fiction films while observational mode is the most commonly used mode. However the distinction becomes less apparent in the reflexive mode. According to Nichols (1991), in its most paradigmatic form the reflexive documentary prompts the viewer to a heightened consciousness of his or her relation to the text and of the texts problematic relationship to that which it represents. Similarly Metz (1991) states that the film speaks to us about itself or about cinema in general, or about the position of the spectator. And this is how this kind of doubling manifests itself in the text, which, in all theories, constitutes that without which we cannot imagine the process of narrating. It is then, in the reflexive mode that Metz (1991) field of operation of fictional films and Nicholss (1991) domain of documentaries overlap.Another aspect of the discourse on distinction between documentaries and fiction films is the contract between the viewer and the director. Bakker (2002) argues that since structural factors fails to clearly distinguish between documentaries and fiction films, there has to be some other form of distinction. This, according to him is the viewers interpretation which is often affected by the viewers pact with the filmmaker. The filmmaker thus influences the interpretation of the film as the documentary or fiction film and the ultimate judgment of interpretation rests with the viewer.Bakker (2002) refers to what Eco (1979) termed as the inferential walks. According to this, the viewer compares the film with his real life experiences and tries to prepare his story. This construction process is dynamic as the viewer continues to accommodate the developments in the story to reconstruct his own story as the film progresses. Thus, the viewer is a part of the film. The difference between documentaries and fiction films is that in the former, the viewers participation is explicit (through narration) while in fiction films it is not explicit.The filmmakers attempt is to make the viewer believe that what is shown in the film is a possibility (in case of fiction film) or a reality (in case of documentary). To do so he adopts se veral persuasive techniques/strategies. But the viewer has his own memory and interpretations on basis of which he/she accepts or rejects the possibility/reality of what is shown in the film. For creating specific effects of reality, the filmmaker uses cinematographic techniques and narrative strategies. Cinematographic techniques include techniques like camera movements, the use of color, the photographic grain of the film, the use of commentary, the gaze into the lens of the camera by the characters (Bakker, 2002). The competence of the director rests in whether he/she can make the viewer believe in what he/she is showing. There is, however no guarantee that a viewer will accept his film as a possibility/reality.ConclusionTo sum up, the notion of documentary truth might be best understood as that truth which is found in the way that we mentally organize our perceptions. Increasingly the theoretical understanding of documentary film is moving outdoor(a) from the notion of an inher ent reality found within a film text and more towards an understanding of how texts are read. However, I believe that the idea of specify documentary as a receptive strategy should not negate a consideration of the filmic text as primary focus of consideration. At the inwardness of the matter lies the concept of truth. Throughout our discussion the paper emphasized that the documentary films more related to the reality for example the social facts in the society and the policy-making issues in order to provide the public or viewers with good understanding with these issues, but the fiction films present unreality vision to some issues. From the executing view the actors are different from the both sides, the documentary films depends on the social people not really contacted actors. These differences illustrate the importance for both kinds and what they can provide the viewers with what they need from credibility to demonstrate the events or misleading views. Also, the interpre tation of the viewer ultimately decides whether the film will be considered as a documentary or fiction. This is what distinguishes a documentary from fiction.

Introduction To The Criminal Justice System

Introduction To The Criminal Justice SystemWhat do we mean by the Criminal Justice System (CJS)?This essay aims to answer the question What do we mean by the Criminal Justice System? In order to do this, we will start by looking at an introduction to the criminal justice administration and briefing talking by dint of the different agencies it is comprised of. We will because go on to look at the three main government departments and map prohibited their responsibilities. This essay then intends to question whether or not the CJS is truly a scheme and to discuss conflict that whitethorn arise between the different agencies. In order to understand the system, it must be broken start into three stages. These stages include the police, the courts and the prison houses. These move be evaluated to determine whether or not the CJS is effective.The Criminal Justice System is one of the main public services in the UK. It is made up of specific agencies that respond to the commission o f offences. These work together and sh are standardized aims and objectives. These agencies include the Police Service, the Crown Prosecution Service, Her Majestys Court Service, The field of study Offender Management Service and the Youth Justice Board (cjsonline.gov.uk march 2010). All of these agencies are directed by three main government departments. These are the Home Office, the Ministry of Justice and the Office of Attorney oecumenic. These departments work together and each of these is liable for different services within the system.The Home Office was align up in the 18th century and although many changes devour been made since this time, its key objective is to protect the public therefore it is responsible for areas much(prenominal) as policing and security. This makes it responsible for all 43 police forces within England and Wales. It is run by the Home Secretary who sets agendas and has management boards in order to make sure its aims and objectives are carried out and their services are being delivered to the public. The Ministry of Justice was established in 2007 and overlyk over some of the responsibilities of the Home Office. It is in charge of the justice system with areas such as criminal law and sentencing. One of its departmental strategic objectives is to ensure a more effective, transparent and responsive criminal justice system for victims and the public (http//www.justice.gov.uk/publications/docs/justice-annual-report-08-09ii.pdf p48). It is at once headed by the Lord Chancellor which can also be known as the Secretary of State for Justice and like the Home Office, it also has a management board. The Ministry of Justice now also carries out the duties for the Department for Constitutional Affairs which manages the Legal Services Commission and certain courts. The Office of the Attorney General was established to provide advice to law officials. One of its main responsibilities is to guard the rule of the law and of public int erest (http//www.attorneygeneral.gov.uk/AboutUs/Pages/default.aspx). It is accountable for the law offenders department which is made up of agencies like the Crown Prosecution Service and the National Fraud Authority. In order to certify that these three departments work together, Local Criminal Justice Boards were set up. There are 42 of these boards and ensure that all of the aims of the three boards are carried out in their local area.Ashworth (2010) claims that the CJS is not a system. It quotes that To refer to it as a system is merely a convenience and an aspiration (p71) although Newburn (2007) believes that there is evidence to show that they work in partnership and share similar goals (p549). Despite these similar goals overall, each stage of the CJS sometimes has different objectives which may result in conflict between the different agencies. For example, the courts may sentence a person to prison to be punished, while probation officers would attempt to rehabilitate them . With these differing objectives, the Office for Criminal Justice Reform (OCJR) was set up to ensure these agencies collaborated effectively and delivered the aims of the CJS. These aims are to prevent and bring out more crime, to give victims and witnesses more support and to punish and rehabilitate more offenders http//www.cjsonline.gov.uk/the_cjs/how_it_works/. These aims must be carried out in order for the criminal justice system to be effective.Each of these aims can be applied to the different stages within the CJS. These stages consist of the police, the courts and also the prisons. Each has a different role within the system with different objectives. The police are there to prevent and detect more crime this can be do through arrests while the courts are there to sentence offenders and the prisons to punish.The police are the primary stage in the prevention of crime (Joyce p84). In most cases the agencies never respond at all as the CJS starts with the arrest of a suspe ct or with the reporting of a crime. The police pass water the authority to refer a person to the next stage of the CJS. This is done as they have to enforce the law with the intention to keep the peace. The courts have the power to sentence an offender and a custodial sentence is the toughest punishment the courts can impose while the prisons function is to punish an offender.From this it would appear that the CJS is based upon punishment, however this is not the case. Only specific agencies focus solely on the penal system. formerly an offender is sentenced by the court, the offender enters the penal system (Cavadino p1). The penal system is a system that exists to punish and otherwise deal with those who have been convicted of criminal offences (Cavadino p408). The CJS in the UK is not only about punishment but also about the rehabilitation of offenders. Therefore, it protects the public in both the long and short term http//www.cjsonline.gov.uk/downloads/ masking/pdf/CJS_Revie w.pdf. Rehabilitation believes that punishment can reduce the incidence of crime by taking a form which will improve the individual offenders character or behaviour and make him or her less likely to reoffend in future (Cavadino p41)The three stages mentioned earlier collaborate well as all three have the objective to protect the public. In order to find out whether or not each of these stages are effective, they can be measured by a number of different means.BCSPolice statisticsClear up ratesSentencing has increased in recent years. This can be proved by the increase in prisoners. Since 1980 the prison population increased from 42,000 to 85,000 in 2009 (REF). Despite this increase, it cannot be proved that there is an increase in crime as it may be cod to stricter and harsher sentences being imposed by the courts. Regardless of this, respondents to the BCS were asked whether they thought sentences were too tough, about right or too lenient, with over three quarters (76%) feeling t hat sentences were too lenient (Home Office Policing and criminal justice p12). Due to this increase in the prison population, it has been claimed that the conditions prisoners live in has made it difficult to rehabilitate offenders (Joyce p365) and that it is possible that the prisons may be violating Article three of the Convention (Ashworth p316). One of the problems that an increase in prison population has caused is overcrowding. This can lead to inmates being contained to their cells for long periods of time (Ashworth p316) and the defence force to rehabilitative programmes (Joyce p377). These overcrowded prisons can lead to aggression and can damage a persons health and wellbeing. Other issues that are concerned with prison conditions include an increase in drug use, security problems and also the financing of the prisons. These conditions may also affect reoffending rates due to not being able to rehabilitate a person. using surveys is a survey which interviews a sample of the public and provide a relatively accurate measure of crime rates (Newburn p62) as they include crimes that have not been reported to or recorded by the police. Despite this, they still cannot be 100% accurate and reliable due to the fact that they exclude victimless crimes such asPunishment completionsSelf report surveysIssues influencing the CJSs ability to be effectiveConfidence levels/ satisfactionReliability of statsThe media can influence a persons perception of the CJS. technical The media presents information to the public of crimes. This can be done through new reporting and also television programmes such as Crimewatch which give the public accounts of events through real life footage and reconstructions (Newburn p104).BAD

Role of Weak Attractions in Macromolecular Structure

Role of Weak Attr act asions in Macromolecular StructureWeak standoffs in sedimentary system?Hydrogen attach in weewee.Crucial role of clear attractors in macromolecular structureand function.Muhammad Sanain JavedGroup AWater is also known as universal consequence because it is the only solvent which mostly use in almost every reaction. There argon many types of languid attractions which ar record in sedimentary system.The weak attractions which are exemplify in the aqueous system are Hydrogen Bonding Hydrophobic forces of attractions van der Waals forces of attractions Electrostatic forces of attractionsHydrogen Bonding beginning(a) of totally we will discuss about henry bonding which is present in the aqueous system. Oxygen is much electronegative element as compared to the hydrogen atom, so in this way we tin say that the water is a polar molecule. So that there will be dipole-dipole attractions present between uncomplete positively charged hydrogen atom and par tial negatively charged oxygen atom. So that we can say that the hydrogen bonding is something more than that of dim-witted dipole-dipole forces. The oxygen atom has two lone pairs. While on the other hand hydrogen has sufficient partial positive charge. In this way both(prenominal) the hydrogen atoms present in the water molecules produce strong electric field due to its small sizes. So that the other oxygen atoms, may be of other molecules, will get link to the hydrogen atoms by means of coordinate covalent bond, using one of its lone pair of electrons.Thus the open(a) bond is formed, in the result, which is definitely stronger than that of simple dipole -dipole attractions. Because of the small size of hydrogen atom it can take part in this type of bonding. This bonding acts as a bridge between two electronegative oxygen atoms. So that we can say that the hydrogen bonding is the electrostatic force of attraction between a highly electronegative atom and partial positively char ged hydrogen atom.Hydrogen bonding plays very essential role in the water. We can say that it is the blessing of Allah. As the molecule of water have tetrahedral structure. Two lone pairs of electrons on oxygen atoms occupy two corners of the tetrahedron. In consequence of liquid state the molecules of water are extensively bonded with each other but these associations are break, just minute to minute because the mobility of molecules of water. When the temperature of the water decreases up to a limited extent then the ice is formed and the and the molecules of water become more and more regular and the regularity of water molecules extends through-out the whole structure of water. So in this way the empty space are created between in the whole structure. When the water freezes it occupies 9% more space as compared to the original water. So in this way its density decreases and ice floats on the stand up of the water. The structure is just like to the structure of diamond because each atom of carbon in diamond is at the center of tetrahedron just like the atoms of oxygen of water molecule present in the ice. The lower density of ice at the temperature of 0 degree helps the water to float on the surface of water from upward to downward direction. When the water attains the temperature of 4C by the fall of temperature in the meet it starts to freezes. As the temperature of the surrounding more falls, the water at its surface become less dense. In this way the water on the surface will freezes and animals underlying he surface of the ice will survive.Hydrophobic AttractionsAnother important attraction present in the aqueous system is the hydrophobic attraction which is in fact the egotism association attraction present in the non polar molecules sometimes the hydrophobic attractions are incorrectly referred as hydrophobic bonds. Hydrophobic forces of attractions can well be described as the interaction between the water and the hydrophobes. This can be expl ained as low water soluble molecules so in this way we can say that these are the non polar molecules having long chain carbon atoms and some alkyl groups which do not react with the water molecules.Electrostatic forces of attractionsElectrostatic forces of attractions are also present in the aqueous system. This force of attraction is present between the atoms or molecules having opposite charges. These types of forces are only exist in the aqueous solutions so sometimes these are also known as salt bridge. Salt bridge is referred as the electrostatic forces of attractions which are present between oppositely charged groups present within or between the bio-molecules. The strength of the salt bridge can be compared with the strength of the hydrogen bonding but act over larger distance. In this way they also facilitate the attractions of charged particles with the nucleic acids in aqueous system.Van der Waals forcesVan der Waals forces of attractions are also present in the aqueous system. This type of weak forces arises due to attraction between transient dipoles which are produce by the rapid movement of free electrons present in the atom or a molecule. These forces are much weaker than that of hydrogen bonding but on the other hand they are numerous, van der Waals force of attraction decreases as the sixth power of the distance separating atoms. So that due to this reason and due to weak force the van der Waals forces act over very go around distance may be up to 2 to 4 aungstrom. Van der Waals forces contain two components one of them is the attr bustling forces which are commonly known as London dispersion forces. These attractive forces depend on the polarizability of the molecule or an atom. While on the other hand repulsive forces are also present which are commonly known as steric repulsion. This force of repulsion depends on the size of the atom. The force of attractions dominates almost at the longer distance. It is almost about 0.4 nm to 0.7 nm wh ile on the other hand the repulsion dominates at very shorter distance. Van der Waals forces are very weak force and it can easily be broke. We can also say that this is a universal type of attractive forcebecause it can be generated easily between two molecules which are near to each other due to the rapid movement of their electrons.Crucial role of weak attractions in macromoleculesWeak attractions are crucial to macromolecular structure and functions because all the non covalent interactions such as hydrophobic attractions, ionic attractions and van-der Waals attractions are much weaker than that of the covalent attractions. Hydrophobic attractions are also much weaker than that of covalent attractions although they are highly strengthened by a highly polar solvent while on the other hand the hydrogen bonding may be compare able with the covalent bonding but the hydrogen bonding is always less stronger than that of the covalent bonding.All these four types of bonding such as hyd rophobic attractions, ionic attractions, hydrogen bonding and van-der Waals forces of attractions are present in the aqueous system. The combined effect of all these four attractions play very important role in the formation of structure of the macromolecule. For example if we look upon the structure of the proteins, DNA and RNA then we can easily see that these bonding particularly hydrogen bonding plays very important role in the formation of structure of the macromolecules. More these weak attractions present in the macromolecule hence the more will be the stability of the macromolecule. This shows the combine effect of the weak attractions in the structure of macromolecule. In case of proteins or even in case of nucleotides all the base pairs are attached with the help of these weak attractions such as hydrogen binding. If we see the attachment of adenine and thymine then we can easily observed that these are combined with each other with the help of two hydrogen bonds while on the other hand if we observe the attachment of thou with cytosine then easily observe that these are also combined with the help of three hydrogen bonds. While in case of proteins two polypeptides are also combined with each other by the help of hydrogen bonding but only at specificsites. In case of antigen antibody labyrinthian formation hydrogen bonding also plays very important role because antigen binds with the antibody with the help of hydrogen bond formation. Other weak attractions are also present in the macromolecules. In case of the enzyme catalytic reactions, when the substrate binds with the catalytic site of enzyme then the energy produced in this reaction is used the catalysis of the bio molecule. The substrate binds with the active sites of enzyme is also due to the formation of weak forces of attractions in the aqueous system. The binding of hormone or a neurotransmitter with the cellular receptor is also due to these weak forces of attractions.When we see the str ucture of the protein such as hemoglobin then we can easily see that there are many water molecules which are tightly bounded and they look as the part of that protein. Same is true for the DNA or RNA so that in this way we can see that water it self and there related weak attractions play very important role in the stability of the macromolecule.In this way we can say that the weak forces of attractions plays very important role in the stability of the macromolecules. So we can say that without these weak attractions in aqueous system the stability of the macromolecule must(prenominal) be impossible.

The Lives of Dickens Characters :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Lives of Dickens CharactersCharles Dickens literary works are comparable to one another in many ways plot, setting, and scour experiences. His novels rebriny captivating to his audiences and he draws them in to teach the readers lessons of life. Although each work exists separate from all of the rest, many similarities remain. Throughout the novels, Oliver Twist and Great Expectations, the process of maturation up, described by the author, includes the themes of the graphic symbols ability to alienate themselves, charity given to the characters and what the money does to their lives, and the differences of good and evil individuals and the effects of their influences. Collectively, these major novels overflow with orphans, adoptive parents, guardians, and failed parent-child relationships. Oliver, the main character in Oliver Twist, must forget about his infantile past (Marcus 182) in order to seek the idyllic future (Marcus 182). He gets hurled from orphanages to foster paren ts and so on until he finds himself a portion of the wrong crowd. The pickpockets take him under their authority and attempt to show him the ropes of the embezzling operation. The orphan adapts well to the swindling lifestyle of Fagin and the boys, and through a serial publication of mischievous choices, authorities apprehend him for stealing (although Dodger was the true felon), and Oliver must live with the consequences. Great Expectations also emphasizes the process of growing up through Pip, the main character. Pips mother and father passed away while he was young, and he was forced to reside in the house of his older sister and her husband. The boy obtains many tremendous fathers, including Joe, Magwitch, Jaggers and Pumblechook, but none of these men can give him what he needs from a predecessor. Dickens demonstrates to the reader the consequences that bad parenting has on children. Some children are garble by the knottiest roots (Lucas 141). Pip, Estella, and Magwitch are a ll examples of hurt children. The bitter children dwell on their past, or what has been forgotten (Marcus 182), and blame the parents for their sufferings. Other children such as Joe and Herbert outlive bad parents and go on with their lives, not letting the history affect the outlook. Personalities in the novels became cut off physically or spiritually from human companionship. Oliver suffers from a sense of estrangement. He fears being abandoned by foster parents and friends, even though the relationships are not healthy for him.

Cell Phones And Driving: Dangers Involved with Cell Phone Use While Dr

Most people dont abide by the rules and regulations of the road. Most people dont even chicane that they are breaking the law because they do it so often. Talking on the cell shout out and control has become a very popular occasion these days. Technology is coming out with the newest phones that can do everything for you and people are attracted to that. There are people that dont have hands put out and drive their car with only one hand, people that text and totally take their eye off the road and type conversations to each other. Bluetooth is another scientific breakthrough where you wear an ear piece and can receive phone calls by one touch of a button on the ear piece. This unaccompanied takes our attention off the road and into the cell phone. This is ridiculous and everyone has these gadgets and they drive their car day in and day out. Whether it be talking using your hands, talking by text or talking hands free are all dangerous. It is likely that everyone has ta lked on the cell phone while operating a repulse vehicle. I believe that this is a very bad issue that we have going on and not much enforcement is being made. I have quintette different sources that all say that driving and talking on the phone is dangerous, even fatal. The governor Highway Safety Association(GHSA), presents us with cell phone driving laws and has made a chart showing the states that have cracked down the cell phone usage with laws. They say that several states restrict cell phone use while driving. This shows us that this is a problem and that states are making laws to control drivers to obey the rules and pay attention on the road. 29 states have heap up crash data from cell phone use and driving. 9 states have preemption laws. 5 states have handh... ...elf, or another person due to a non important conversation that could wait depending on the drive. Just pull over and talk. Remember, you have voicemail for a reason. Works Cited Cell Phone Dr iving Laws by Governor Highway Safety Association, 30, March 2008. http//www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/laws/cellphone_laws.html Insurance Information institute, Cell Phone and Driving April 2008. http//www.iii.org/media/hottopics/insurance/cellphones/ Live Science, Drivers on Cell Phones Kill thousands, snatch traffic 01, February 2005, http//www.livescience.com/technology/050201_cell_danger.html Cnet, Cell phones as dangerous as drunk driving, 01, July 2006. http//www.news.com/8301-10784_3-6090342-7.html ABC News, Why Cell Phones and Driving Dont Mix, 29, June 2005. http//abcnews.go.com/Technology/DyeHard/story?id=889064&page=1